G Tamura

..This mutation was previously reported in an advanced carcinoma of undifferentiated type. The results suggest that these tumours progress to undifferentiated-type carcinomas through loss of E-cadherin function...

..Therefore, detection of hMLH1 methylation in nonneoplastic gastric epithelia may be useful for screening patients who may be at risk of developing gastric cancer...

..2. These data indicate that bi-allelic hypermethylation of the TSLC1 promoter and resulting gene silencing occur in a subset of primary gastric cancers...

..Thus, Chfr promoter hypermethylation is mostly cancer specific and frequently leads to chromosome instability in gastric cancer...

..Hypermethylation of DAP-kinase appears to be a significant prognostic factor in primary biliary tract carcinomas...

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..In summary, mtDNA is mutated in a subset of benign and malignant gastric tumours, but, disruption of the mtDNA repair system appears not to be significantly involved in gastric tumours of Japanese patients...

..In clinical applications RUNX3 and TSLC1 methylation may be utilized as molecular diagnostic markers, and hMLH1 and p16 methylation as predictors of malignancy in the stomach...

..The molecular pathways of gastric carcinogenesis depend on the histological background, and gastric carcinomas show distinct biological behaviors as a result of discernible cellular genetic and epigenetic alterations...

..Thus, while the molecular pathways of gastric carcinogenesis are dependent on histological background, specific genetic alterations can still be used for risk assessment, diagnosis, and prognosis...

..Hypermethylation of hMLH1 promoter is an initial, vital event in the development of foveolar-type tumors of the stomach...

..Hypermethylation of the hMLH1 promoter occurs in non-cancerous gastric mucosa of microsatellite instability-H tumours and may increase the risk of subsequent neoplasia...

..The 'suppressor pathway', represented by p53 alteration, could participate in the tumourigenesis of the CIM-type, but is rare in foveolar-type tumours...

..e. the suppressor pathway), and that MSI in esophageal SCC probably represent random replication errors rather than being associated with DNA mismatch repair deficiency...

..01). These results indicate that DCC is frequently silenced, probably by epigenetic mechanisms instead of sequence mutations in gastric cancer...

..05). These results suggest that LOH on 4p, 7q, 14q, 17p, and 21q is a relatively early event, while LOH on 2q, 5q, 6p, 11q, and 18q typically accumulates during the progression of gastric carcinogenesis...

..These results indicate that APC promoter CpG island hypermethylation is a cancer-specific change and may be a more common mechanism of inactivation of this tumour suppressor gene in primary breast cancers than previously suspected...

..Mutations of E2F-4 are early events in multiple gastric cancer development, occurring even in the intestinal metaplastic mucosa, with mutations of other target genes to follow during cancer progression...

..01). In summary, the Padova international classification correlated with both the molecular and cellular phenotypic profiles. In practice, p53 and hMLH1 immunohistochemistry discriminated Ca-NIN from L-NIN and H-NIN tumors...

..Although all MSI-H gastric cancer samples showed BAT-26 instability, as assessed using 12 dinucleotide microsatellite markers, BAT-26 instability was not found in the adjacent intestinal metaplastic mucosa in any of the samples...

..183). Demethylation of MAGE-A1 and -A3 occurs during progressive stages of gastric cancer, and may be associated with aggressive biological behaviour of gastric cancer...

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..Therefore, we conclude that PTEN does not participate in gastric carcinogenesis as a tumor suppressor gene...

..The considerable differences in the incidences of genetic alterations between gastric adenoma and carcinoma indicate that the sequential development of gastric carcinoma from adenoma is uncommon in gastric carcinogenesis...

..1). This is identical to the region identified for other human malignancies. These observations indicate that a putative tumour suppressor gene at 7q31.1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of differentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach...

..Our findings suggest that sun-exposed SCC in Japan may be relatively less involved with p53 mutation, and that non-sun-exposed SCC acquire more genetic alterations than sun-exposed SCC...

..In addition, methylation of p16, RASSF1A and RUNX3 was mostly cancer-specific (P < 0.05), and may be utilized as a molecular diagnostic marker of NSCLCs...

..Thus, some gastric tumors with the foveolar or ordinary phenotype may develop as a result of age-related methylation of Chfr and hMLH1, although Chfr methylation was not associated with CIN...

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..The results suggest that the genetic pathway in the genesis of RCC differs considerably from that of other common human carcinomas...

..Ten tumors were monoclonal, one was biclonal (collision tumor), and another was probably biclonal; the other three were of indeterminate histogenesis. These data indicate that most uterine and ovarian carcinosarcomas are monoclonal...

..A similar deletion pattern was found in the skeletal muscle but not in the leukocytes of the other patient. The results suggest the complex mechanism to generate, expand and eliminate the deleted mtDNA in humans...

..Barrett's metaplastic epithelium or ectopic gastric mucosa was not found around the tumor. It is strongly suggested that this unique carcinoma is derived from the esophageal gland ducts...

..Quantitative analysis of DNA methylation using DNA microarrays is a promising method for risk assessment in the development of gastric cancer...

..01), although those in gastric cancers were almost the same. RUNX3 methylation is mostly cancer-specific, except for very old individuals, and therefore may be a possible molecular diagnostic marker and malignancy predictor...

..Microsatellite analysis indicated more than 3 common patterns of loss of heterozygosity in 8 cases. These observations strongly suggested that hepatoid adenocarcinomas were of identical origin to coexistent tubular adenocarcinomas...

..This microarray-based methylation assay is a promising method for the quantitative assessment of gene methylation...

..When considering tumor development in primary chondrosarcoma, we should include mutations in EXT2, along with the status of other members of the EXT gene family...

..We also found significant differences between abnormal protein expression and other clinicopathological parameters such as gender, age and status of tumor and nodes...

..These genes are expressed in various tumor cells, but not in healthy tissues except for the testis and placenta. MAGE expression is known to be activated by promoter demethylation...

..These data indicate that inactivation of the APC gene, by allelic loss and/or promoter methylation, is related to the occurrence of infantile YSTs...

..The detection of hypermethylation at multiple regions within the RUNX3 CpG island may be useful in the diagnosis and risk assessment of gastric cancer...

..The present results suggest that the majority of penile squamous cell carcinomas in Japanese men are unrelated to HPV, and gene alterations accumulate more frequently in HPV-unrelated penile carcinomas...

..Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a causal link between tobacco smoking and lung cancer. However, lung adenocarcinoma (AC) is also frequently found in non-smokers compared with other non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) subtypes...

..Methylation of FHIT gene was frequently found than HPV infection, therefore methylation of the FHIT gene is suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis of penile squamous cell carcinoma...

..These findings suggest that the p53 gene mutation is associated with anaplastic transformation of parathyroid carcinoma...

..These results strongly suggest that hypomethylation of the HNF-1beta CpG island participates in the HNF-1beta up-regulation in ovarian CCC...

..004) and pleural involvement (P=0.037). In conclusion, the hypermethylation of RASSF1A or RUNX3 gene is therefore a useful biomarker to predict the prognosis in NSCLC, particularly RASSF1A due to SCCs and RUNX3 due to ACs...

..05). These findings suggest that tobacco smoking leads to inactivation of the p16 gene mainly through the epigenetic mechanism, ultimately increasing the risk of NSCLC, especially the squamous cell histological type...

..Analysis of methylation of the E-CD gene promoter using the methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) method revealed no methylated alleles in the DNA from FC...

..001). In normal testes of the young group, RUNX3 methylation was not detected. These results strongly suggest that RUNX3 is one of the tumor suppressors involved in the pathogenesis of testicular YSTs in infants...

..It is emphasized that immunohistochemical examination using anticytokeratin antibody KL-1 and antiepithelial antibody Ber-EP4 is a good tool for distinguishing ameloblastoma with BCC-like features from adamantinoid BCC...

..We report here a case of apocrine adenosis of the breast in a 66-year-old woman. To clarify the nature of this lesion, we examined it by clonal analysis...

..Immunohistochemistry revealed the spindle-shaped tumor cells to be myofibroblastic, but not myoepithelial in nature, ultimately categorizing this tumor as a malignant phyllodes tumor with prominent myofibroblastic differentiation...

..Thus, age-related methylation of a different set of genes is thought to constitute a field defect in different organs...

..Quantitative analysis of gene methylation using methylation-specific DNA microarray is a promising method for cancer diagnosis...

..A reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing revealed an EWSR1/ERG chimeric transcript, which combined EWSR1 exon 10 with ERG exon 6. The present report added a new entity of esophageal small round cell tumor...

..He died 33 months after surgery. The possibility of diseases like this tumor must be kept in mind for a patient with chest symptoms. Paclitaxel monotherapy is likely to be effective in treating sarcomatoid carcinoma of the thymus...

..Postoperative radiotherapy was performed due to incomplete resection, but the tumor relapsed within 4 months. Gemcitabine-based chemotherapy was ineffective...

..The patient has been disease free for 6 months after surgery followed by chemoradiation therapy. FISH is extremely useful for accurate diagnosis of EFT, especially in cases of unusual locations...

..02). CONCLUSIONS: It was indicated that H. pylori infection potently induces methylation of CGIs to various degrees. Methylation levels of specific CGIs seemed to reflect gastric cancer risk in H. pylori-negative individuals...

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..This is the first study suggesting that ODNs, independent of the sequences, enhance immune responses through the promoted capture of ODN-conjugated Ag by APCs...

..2%), and an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein gene SEC63 (37.5%). The mutational spectra for genes with high mutation frequencies were also significantly different between MSI-H gastric and colorectal cancers...

..These results suggest that CpG ODN are promising as a preventive and therapeutic anti-metastatic measure against melanoma...

..Our results suggest that NOS1 and STAT6 are asthma-susceptibility genes and that chromosome region 12q24.23-q24.33 contains other susceptibility gene(s)...

..Thus, the molecular pathways of gastric carcinogenesis are dependent on histological background, and specific genetic abnormalities can be used for risk assessment, diagnosis, and prognosis...