Research Topics
| Takuya KishiSummaryAffiliation: Kyushu University Country: Japan Publications
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Publications
Exercise training plus calorie restriction causes synergistic protection against cognitive decline via up-regulation of BDNF in hippocampus of stroke-prone hypertensive ratsT Kishi
Department of Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812 8582, Japan
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2012:6764-7. 2012..In conclusion, exercise training plus calorie restriction causes synergistic protection against cognitive decline via up-regulation of BDNF in the hippocampus of stroke-prone hypertensive rats...
Heart failure as an autonomic nervous system dysfunctionTakuya Kishi
Department of Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3 1 1 Maidashi, Higashi ku, Fukuoka 812 8582, Japan
J Cardiol 59:117-22. 2012....
Telmisartan protects against cognitive decline via up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin-related kinase B in hippocampus of hypertensive ratsTakuya Kishi
Department of Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
J Cardiol 60:489-94. 2012....
Exercise training causes sympathoinhibition through antioxidant effect in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of hypertensive ratsTakuya Kishi
Department of Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
Clin Exp Hypertens 34:278-83. 2012..SNA and oxidative stress in the RVLM were significantly lower in SHRSP-EX than in SHRSP-C. These results suggest that exercise training inhibits SNA via reduction of oxidative stress through blocked AT(1)R in the RVLM of hypertension...
Combination therapy of atorvastatin and amlodipine inhibits sympathetic nervous system activation and improves cognitive function in hypertensive ratsTakuya Kishi
Department of Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
Circ J 76:1934-41. 2012..The aim of the present study was to determine whether a combination of atorvastatin and amlodipine causes sympathoinhibition via reduction of oxidative stress in the RVLM and improves cognitive dysfunction of hypertensive rats...
Experimental 'jet lag' causes sympathoexcitation via oxidative stress through AT1 receptor in the brainstemT Kishi
Department of Advanced Therapeutics forCardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812 8582, Japan
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2011:1969-72. 2011..These results suggest that experimental 'jet lag' causes sympathoexcitation via oxidative stress through AT(1) receptor in the brain, especially in hypertension...
Calorie restriction inhibits sympathetic nerve activity via anti-oxidant effect in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of obesity-induced hypertensive ratsTakuya Kishi
Department of Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
Clin Exp Hypertens 33:240-5. 2011..These results suggest that calorie restriction inhibits SNA via anti-oxidant effect in the RVLM of obesity-induced obesity rats...
Atorvastatin improves the impaired baroreflex sensitivity via anti-oxidant effect in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of SHRSPTakuya Kishi
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3 1 1 Maidashi, Higashi ku, Fukuoka, Japan
Clin Exp Hypertens 31:698-704. 2009..These results suggest that atorvastatin improves the impaired BRS in SHRSP via its anti-oxidant effect in the RVLM of SHRSP...
Cilnidipine inhibits the sympathetic nerve activity and improves baroreflex sensitivity in patients with hypertensionTakuya Kishi
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3 1 1 Maidashi, Higashi ku, Fukuoka, Japan
Clin Exp Hypertens 31:241-9. 2009....
Atorvastatin might improve ventricular electrostability and decelerate the deterioration of renal function in patients with heart failure and diabetes mellitusTakuya Kishi
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Higashi ku, Fukuoka, Japan
J Cardiol 53:341-8. 2009..However, it remains unknown how statins impact pathophysiology of heart failure with diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of atorvastatin on pathophysiology of heart failure with diabetes mellitus...
Overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rostral ventrolateral medulla causes hypertension and sympathoexcitation via an increase in oxidative stressYoshikuni Kimura
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
Circ Res 96:252-60. 2005..These results suggest that overexpression of iNOS in the RVLM increases blood pressure via activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which is mediated by an increase in oxidative stress...
Azelnidipine decreases sympathetic nerve activity via antioxidant effect in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive ratsSatomi Konno
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 52:555-60. 2008....
Increased reactive oxygen species in rostral ventrolateral medulla contribute to neural mechanisms of hypertension in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive ratsTakuya Kishi
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
Circulation 109:2357-62. 2004..CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that superoxide anions in the RVLM, which generate hydroxyl radicals, are increased in SHRSP and contribute to the neural mechanisms of hypertension in SHRSP...
Sympathoinhibition caused by orally administered telmisartan through inhibition of the AT₁ receptor in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of hypertensive ratsTakuya Kishi
Department of Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
Hypertens Res 35:940-6. 2012....
Rho/Rho-kinase pathway in brain stem contributes to blood pressure regulation via sympathetic nervous system: possible involvement in neural mechanisms of hypertensionKoji Ito
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
Circ Res 92:1337-43. 2003....
High salt intake enhances blood pressure increase during development of hypertension via oxidative stress in rostral ventrolateral medulla of spontaneously hypertensive ratsYasuaki Koga
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
Hypertens Res 31:2075-83. 2008..These responses are mediated by increased ROS generation that is probably due to upregulation of AT(1)R/NAD(P)H oxidase in the RVLM. (Hypertens Res 2008; 31: 2075-2083)...
Rho/Rho-kinase pathway in the brainstem contributes to hypertension caused by chronic nitric oxide synthase inhibitionKoji Ito
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
Hypertension 43:156-62. 2004..These results indicate that activation of the Rho/Rho-kinase pathway in the NTS contributes to neurogenic hypertension caused by chronic NO synthase inhibition...
Inhibition of Rac1-derived reactive oxygen species in nucleus tractus solitarius decreases blood pressure and heart rate in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive ratsMasatsugu Nozoe
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Maidashi, Higashi ku, Fukuoka, Japan
Hypertension 50:62-8. 2007....
Reduction of nitric oxide-mediated γ-amino butyric acid release in rostral ventrolateral medulla is involved in superoxide-induced sympathoexcitation of hypertensive ratsKeisuke Shinohara
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
Circ J 76:2814-21. 2012..In this study, we investigated whether or not NO-mediated GABA release is involved in superoxide-induced sympathoexcitation in the RVLM of hypertensive rats...
Combination therapy of olmesartan and azelnidipine inhibits sympathetic activity associated with reducing oxidative stress in the brain of hypertensive ratsKeisuke Shinohara
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
Clin Exp Hypertens 34:456-62. 2012..Furthermore, the antioxidant effect in the brainstem and the sympathoinhibitory effect of OLM/AZ combination may be greater than those of CAN/AM combination treatment...
Inhibition of oxidative stress in rostral ventrolateral medulla improves impaired baroreflex sensitivity in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive ratsKiyohiro Ogawa
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, Fukuoka, Japan
Int Heart J 53:193-8. 2012..In contrast, in the AdLacZ-transfected SHRSP, atropine did not decrease BRS. These results suggest that chronic reduction of ROS in the local RVLM improves the impaired BRS in SHRSP through inhibition of the sympathetic component...
Atorvastatin reduces oxidative stress in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive ratsTakuya Kishi
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
Clin Exp Hypertens 30:3-11. 2008..These results suggest that atorvastatin reduces oxidative stress in the RVLM of SHRSP, which might contribute to the sympatho-inhibitory effects of atorvastatin in SHRSP...
Enhanced depressor response to endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene transfer into the nucleus tractus solitarii of spontaneously hypertensive ratsYoshitaka Hirooka
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
Hypertens Res 26:325-31. 2003..An abnormality of the L-arginine-NO pathway in the NTS may be related to the hypertensive mechanism(s) of SHR...
Overexpression of eNOS in RVLM improves impaired baroreflex control of heart rate in SHRSP. Rostral ventrolateral medulla. Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive ratsTakuya Kishi
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
Hypertension 41:255-60. 2003..These results indicate that an increase in NO production in the RVLM improves the impaired baroreflex control of HR in SHRSP and that these effects may have resulted from a cardiac sympathoinhibitory effect of NO in the RVLM of SHRSP...
Atorvastatin causes depressor and sympatho-inhibitory effects with upregulation of nitric oxide synthases in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive ratsTakuya Kishi
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
J Hypertens 21:379-86. 2003..They also suggest that this sympatho-inhibitory effect may be mediated by an increase in NO production, with the upregulation of eNOS expression in the brain...
Mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species mediate sympathoexcitation induced by angiotensin II in the rostral ventrolateral medullaMasatsugu Nozoe
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
J Hypertens 26:2176-84. 2008..It is not clear, however, whether mitochondria-derived ROS in the central nervous system also participate in sympathoexcitation...
Rho-kinase inhibitor improves increased vascular resistance and impaired vasodilation of the forearm in patients with heart failureTakuya Kishi
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
Circulation 111:2741-7. 2005..CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that Rho-kinase is involved in increased FVR and impaired vasodilation of the forearm in patients with HF...
Olmesartan reduces oxidative stress in the brain of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats assessed by an in vivo ESR methodShuichiro Araki
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi ku, Fukuoka, Japan
Hypertens Res 32:1091-6. 2009..These findings indicate that olmesartan has anti-oxidative property in the brain without stimulating reflex-mediated sympathetic activity in SHRSP...
Angiotensin II receptor blockers improve endothelial dysfunction associated with sympathetic hyperactivity in metabolic syndromeTakuya Kishi
Department of Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
J Hypertens 30:1646-55. 2012..We investigated whether treatment with angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) improves endothelial and autonomic function in patients with MetS...
Sympathoinhibitory effects of telmisartan through the reduction of oxidative stress in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of obesity-induced hypertensive ratsSatomi Konno
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
J Hypertens 30:1992-9. 2012..The aim of the present study was to determine whether oral administration of an AT1R blocker (ARB) inhibits SNS activity via antioxidative effects in the RVLM of rats with dietary-induced obesity...
Sympathoinhibition induced by centrally administered atorvastatin is associated with alteration of NAD(P)H and Mn superoxide dismutase activity in rostral ventrolateral medulla of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive ratsTakuya Kishi
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 55:184-90. 2010..Our findings suggest that centrally administered atorvastatin decreases SNA and is associated with decreasing NAD(P)H oxidase activity and upregulation of Mn-SOD activity in the RVLM of SHRSP, leading to suppressing oxidative stress...
Reduced nitric oxide synthase in the brainstem contributes to enhanced sympathetic drive in rats with heart failureYoshitaka Hirooka
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 42:S111-5. 2003..These results suggest that reduced nNOS expression in the NTS and the RVLM, and the resulting reduced NO production of these sites, contribute to the enhanced sympathetic drive in HF...
Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rostral ventrolateral medulla in blood pressure regulation in spontaneously hypertensive ratsYoshikuni Kimura
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3 1 1 Maidashi, Higashi ku, Fukuoka, Japan
Clin Exp Hypertens 31:281-6. 2009..Bilateral microinjection of aminoguanidine into the RVLM dose-dependently decreased BP and heart rate in SHR, but not in WKY. These findings suggest that iNOS expression in the RVLM of SHR contributes to increase BP...
Brain AT1 receptor activates the sympathetic nervous system through toll-like receptor 4 in mice with heart failureKiyohiro Ogawa
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 58:543-9. 2011..These results suggest that activation of the TLR4 via AT1R in the brainstem contributes to the sympathoexcitation probably due to the inflammation in the brain of the myocardial infarction-induced HF...
Angiotensin II type 1 receptor-activated caspase-3 through ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the rostral ventrolateral medulla is involved in sympathoexcitation in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive ratsTakuya Kishi
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
Hypertension 55:291-7. 2010....
Role of angiotensin-(1-7) in rostral ventrolateral medulla in blood pressure regulation via sympathetic nerve activity in Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneous hypertensive ratsToshiaki Nakagaki
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
Clin Exp Hypertens 33:223-30. 2011..Our results suggest that endogenous Ang-(1-7) in the RVLM contributes to maintain AP and renal sympathetic nerve activity both in SHR and WKY and that its activity might be enhanced in SHR...
Different role of oxidative stress in paraventricular nucleus and rostral ventrolateral medulla in cardiovascular regulation in awake spontaneously hypertensive ratsMasaaki Nishihara
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Higashi ku, Fukuoka, Japan
J Hypertens 30:1758-65. 2012..We investigated the relative contribution of oxidative stress in the PVN and RVLM of SHR in blood pressure (BP) regulation...
Vitamin C improves attenuated angiotensin II-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation in human forearm vesselsYoshitaka Hirooka
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
Hypertens Res 26:953-9. 2003..Thus, angiotensin II likely attenuates endothelium-dependent vasodilation via an increase of superoxide anion production in the human forearm in vivo...
Statin therapy may prevent restenosis after successful coronary intervention, independent of lipid-lowering effect and CRP levelTohru Yamawaki
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Aso Iizuka Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi 98:260-9. 2007..As statins have the anti-atherosclerotic pleiotropic effects, we retrospectively examined the effects of statins on restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)...
Oxidative stress in the rostral ventrolateral medulla modulates excitatory and inhibitory inputs in spontaneously hypertensive ratsMasaaki Nishihara
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
J Hypertens 30:97-106. 2012....
Imbalance of central nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in the regulation of sympathetic activity and neural mechanisms of hypertensionYoshitaka Hirooka
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 300:R818-26. 2011..Together, the evidence indicates that an imbalance of NO and ROS in the CNS plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of hypertension...
Effect of overproduction of nitric oxide in the brain stem on the cardiovascular response in conscious ratsYoshitaka Hirooka
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 41:S119-26. 2003....
Elevated serum C-reactive protein levels as a predictive indicator for subsequent renal impairment in patients with acute heart failureYoshihiro Fukumoto
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
Tohoku J Exp Med 213:361-8. 2007..In conclsion, higher serum levels of CRP could predict the subsequent renal impairment in patients admitted with the worsening of HF symptoms...
Role of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in human forearm circulationKosuke Inokuchi
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
Hypertension 42:919-24. 2003..128, 0.256, 0.512, and 1.024 mg/min, n=8). These results suggest that EDHF contributes substantially to basal forearm vascular resistance, as well as to forearm vasodilatation evoked by substance P and bradykinin in humans in vivo...
Percutaneous coronary arterial thrombectomy for acute myocardial infarction reduces no-reflow phenomenon and protects against left ventricular remodeling related to the proximal left anterior descending and right coronary arteryTakuya Kishi
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aso Iizuka Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
Int Heart J 48:287-302. 2007....
Oxidative stress and central cardiovascular regulation. - Pathogenesis of hypertension and therapeutic aspects -Yoshitaka Hirooka
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
Circ J 74:827-35. 2010..The aim of the present review is to describe the contribution of oxidative stress in the brain to the neural mechanisms that underlie hypertension, and discuss evidence that brain oxidative stress is a potential therapeutic target...
Cardiovascular effects of overexpression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the rostral ventrolateral medulla in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive ratsTakuya Kishi
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
Hypertension 39:264-8. 2002....
Fatal case of amiodarone-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome in a patient with severe left ventricular dysfunction due to extensive anterior acute myocardial infarctionYoshihiro Fukumoto
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Aso Iizuka Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi 97:37-41. 2006..It is sometimes difficult to diagnose congestive heart failure or amiodarone-induced pulmonary infiltrates in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction...
Histopathological multiple recanalized lesion is critical element of outcome after pulmonary thromboendarterectomyKazuya Hosokawa
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
Int Heart J 52:377-81. 2011..Histopathological study may be a potent diagnostic strategy for accurately predicting surgical outcome in the early perioperative period...
Case of isolated thoracic aortic aneurysm as a manifestation of undiscovered giant cell arteritisTakuya Kishi
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi 97:358-65. 2006..In cases of the thoracic aortic aneurysms with unknown etiology, there is a possibility that GCA is the cause of the aortic aneurysm...
Extracorporeal cardiac shock wave therapy ameliorates myocardial ischemia in patients with severe coronary artery diseaseYoshihiro Fukumoto
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
Coron Artery Dis 17:63-70. 2006..CONCLUSION: These results indicate that our extracorporeal cardiac shock wave therapy is an effective and non-invasive treatment for end-stage coronary artery disease, although further careful evaluation is needed...
Baroreflex sensitivity might predict responders to milrinone in patients with heart failureTakuya Kishi
Department of Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Higashi ku, Fukuoka, Japan
Int Heart J 51:411-5. 2010..94 and 0.93, respectively. BRS might be useful for identifying potential responders to milrinone in patients with blood pressure-preserved "wet and cold" heart failure...
[Endothelin receptor antagonist]Takuya Kishi
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
Nihon Rinsho 66:2152-6. 2008..Recent many trials suggested that endothelin receptor antagonist, bosentan, caused good results in idiopathic PAH and PAH associated with chronic thromboembolism, collagen diseases, and congenital heart diseases...
Sympathoexcitation associated with Renin-Angiotensin system in metabolic syndromeTakuya Kishi
Department of Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3 1 1 Maidashi, Higashi ku, Fukuoka 812 8582, Japan
Int J Hypertens 2013:406897. 2013..In conclusion, SNS activation associated with RAS activation in the brain should be the target of the treatment, and ARBs could have the potential benefit on SNS activation in patients with MetS...
Oxidative stress in the brain causes hypertension via sympathoexcitationTakuya Kishi
Department of Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Fukuoka, Japan
Front Physiol 3:335. 2012....
[Abnormal peripheral circulation in patients with heart failure]Takuya Kishi
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
Nippon Rinsho 65:316-20. 2007
