Elisabetta Palagi

..Therefore, the result of individual recognition bioassays of female odours may open interesting scenarios in the evaluation of the territorial defence investment across the different sex combinations...

..Given that few studies have been conducted on this subject, we can not at this time make any generalizations regarding conflict resolution in certain species by comparing results among studies...

..Following a theoretical framework based on previous cortisol analyses, we showed that scratching and hormonal data converge in indicating that the stress profile of a species is shaped by its social network features...

..These findings are consistent with the view that contagious yawning reveals an emotional connection between individuals. This phenomenon, here demonstrated in monkeys, could be a building block for full-blown empathy...

..Thus, tail-play can be considered as a useful tool for play communication in ringtailed lemurs...

..In conclusion, we suggest that UT-up is an economical signal with a primarily territorial function...

..Our data also suggest that bystanders decide when a peaceful contact may be too risky; in fact, neither PPIAB nor PPIVB occurred after high-intensity aggressions...

..In conclusion, we suggest that bonobos with their egalitarian society, peculiar social structure, and playful tendency represent an attractive testing subject to examine empirically many emerging hypotheses on adult play behavior...

..Probably, under some intimate circumstances, facial displays should be primarily linked to the spontaneous expression of emotional states of the sender more than to the strategic transfer of actual information to the receiver...

..The ability to interpret such ambiguous features of social signaling could represent a central issue in the evolution of behavioral flexibility and intelligence in primates...

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..This evidence, together with the lack of correlation between aggressive contacts and social play, suggests that geladas use play for social assessment purposes and/or to increase their social affiliation levels...

..Surprisingly, these interactions may be best interpreted as play because dominance behavior in aggregations shares several features with mammalian play fighting...

..This finding provides the first evidence that grooming could assist in reducing anxiety in strepsirrhines...

..In conclusion, our results demonstrate that yawn contagion is primarily driven by the emotional closeness between individuals and not by other variables, such as gender and nationality...

..Furthermore, we suggest that some females may reinforce their physiological status by dominating in clusters, thus increasing the probability to become dominant in spring...

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..Both avoidance and coping tactics were used, thus revealing high levels of behavioral flexibility in this species...

..In conclusion, the chest stain, possibly correlated with different cues targeted by females, could be one of the parameters which help females in selecting mates...

..In conclusion, in chimpanzees, as in humans, both play behavior and the signals that accompany play serve multiple functions according to the different age phases...

..In conclusion, play appears to be an ice-breaker mechanism in the critical process that "upgrades" an individual from stranger to familiar...

..In conclusion, both play timing and hierarchical distribution indicate that play limits stress, more than vice versa, at least in the short term...

..Probably, due to the male tolerance and social cohesiveness in geladas, witnessing a fight does not necessarily induce a sufficient increase of tension in bystanders to be reduced by quadratic affiliation...

..In conclusion, males maximize their reproduction probability by adopting a double tactic and by following market fluctuations...

..dominulus from Capraia and Corsica are grouped together by cluster analysis, while those from Elba and Giglio cluster with cuticular profiles of the mainland wasps (Venturina)...

..The high play motivation showed by adult bonobos compared to chimpanzees is probably the result of a long developmental process, rooted in the delicate transitional phase, which leads subjects from infancy to juvenility...

..Moreover, data point to similarities in the modality in which mother-infant synchronous behaviours are expressed among primates, suggesting a common evolutionary root in the basic elements of mother-infant affective exchanges...