D Otranto

....

..3%) when compared to the microscopic examination (n=53; 34.9%) with five haplotypes sequenced. The results here presented suggested a close co-evolution of this filarioid with its vector...

..Other causes of neurological disease in dogs were excluded and the diagnosis of tick paralysis by R. sanguineus was confirmed (ex juvantibus) by early and complete recovery of 4 dogs following acaricidal treatment and tick removal...

..Our study aimed to evaluate the recently developed duplex real-time PCR for screening large number of culicids and to assess their positivity for D. immitis and D. repens in an area where both species are endemic...

..The scientific purposes of the expedition blended then with stories of humans, animals, and parasites in this rural area...

..lupi infesting human eyes in two patients from Turkey (case 1) and Tunisia (case 2). The importance of obtaining a correct sample collection and preparation of nematodes infesting human eyes is highlighted...

..As a result of these discussions, we, the members of the CVBD Forum have developed the following recommendations to veterinarians for the management of CVBDs...

..The therapeutic efficacy of milbemycin oxime/praziquantel tablets (Milbemax®) against T. callipaeda was tested in naturally infested dogs and cats...

..Based on our results, different strategies for tick collection and pathogen screening and their relative costs were evaluated and discussed...

..The number of haplotypes identified here might be explained by complex ecology and transmission patterns as well as the high mutation rate of mitochondrial DNA and/or inbreeding associated with hosts and their vectors...

....

..Italy, France, Germany and Switzerland). In June 2010, the first case of canine thelaziosis was observed in central western Spain (La Vera region, Cáceres) and subsequent epidemiological investigation is reported in the present study...

..Following a recent study suggesting that L. infantum passes transovarially from the female tick to her progeny the current study provides new evidence of the transovarial transmission of L. infantum in R. sanguineus...

..Tackling key biological questions employing these technologies will provide a 'systems biology' context and could lead to radically new intervention and management strategies against CVBDs...

..abstract:..

..abstract:..

....

....

..The results also suggest that R. felis should be considered in the human differential diagnosis of any spotted-like fever in Italy, especially if the patient is known to have been exposed to flea bites...

..callipaeda was present. The competence of wolves as a definitive host for T. callipaeda is discussed in view of the relevance of wild fauna in maintaining and spreading eyeworm infection in humans and domestic animals...

..canis at one or both follow-ups. ImPer, by virtue of its repellent and acaricidal activity against ticks, has been shown to be efficacious to prevent E. canis infection in treated dogs living under natural conditions in endemic areas...

..The synchrony between the fly population dynamics and the biology of the nematode in the definitive host provides an interesting model for exploring the co-evolution of Thelazia spp. with their hosts...

..The molecular data reported here represent the first molecular dataset based on cox1 of Steganinae flies and provide a base for further investigations into the evolutionary relationships among this little-studied subfamily...

..The results demonstrate that ImPer preventive treatment against arthropods protects autochthonous and naïve beagle dogs against CVBD-causing pathogens...

....

..More suitable approaches may include greater use of a range of mutually compatible options in integrated management programmes...

..lupi should be considered in the differential diagnosis of other eye parasitic infections in humans. The role of dogs as natural hosts of O. lupi and the vectors of this zoonotic parasite need to be investigated...

..The biology and epidemiology of the most frequently reported HIE are discussed as well as clinical description of the diseases, diagnostic considerations and video clips on their presentation and surgical treatment...

..Our study aimed to evaluate the best method to achieve a parasitological diagnosis of H. canis infection in a population of receptive young dogs, previously negative by cytology and exposed to tick infestation for one summer season...

..callipaeda and discussed. Finally, the relationship between T. callipaeda and its fly vector is considered in light of disease prophylaxis and to model its dissemination into habitats and environments favourable to Phortica flies...

..This biological difference raises the question as to whether the parasitic behaviour of male and female insects transmitting IBDs is an expression of a co-evolution of vectors and pathogens...

..sinense will help to determine the timing of specific treatment programmes to guarantee the improvement of animal welfare and health, thus resulting in an increase in livestock production in China...

..The results reported here contribute basic knowledge on the ecology and geographical distribution of P. variegata flies, which will be fundamental to gaining a better understanding of their role as vectors of human and animal pathogens...

..The research needs for managing HW and CanL in previously uninfected areas are discussed...

..martis. The results here presented provide new insights into the biology, ecology and morphological characteristics of this scantly known nematode...

....

..dendriticum and D. chinensis as two distinct digeneans infecting ruminants. The implications on the separate status of D. chinensis on the etiology, biology and diagnosis of dicrocoeliosis are discussed...

..pachydermatis opportunistic infections...

..7% showing clinical signs related to CanL, while the remaining 87.3% were asymptomatic. A diagnostic scheme for assessment of the L. infantum infection status in asymptomatic dogs is suggested...

..This review discusses the crucial aspects involved in the diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of CVBDs of zoonotic concern...

..01). The results clearly show that a combination of imidacloprid 10% and permethrin 50%, by virtue of its repellent activity against sandflies, is effective under both application regimes in preventing CanL in the field in endemic areas...

..The role the wild fauna plays in maintaining and spreading eyeworm infection in humans and domestic animals is also discussed...

..Thelazia callipaeda eyeworm is a nematode transmitted by drosophilid flies to carnivores in Europe. It has also been reported in the Far East in humans. We report T. callipaeda infection in 4 human patients in Italy and France...

..sinense" available in GenBank revealed differences of 9.7%, 7.2% and 0.3%, respectively. On the basis of these results, we concluded that the nominal species H. sinense should be treated as valid...

..Specificity was 100% for both tests, while sensitivity was 97% for the rapid test and 99% for IFAT...

....

..This basic understanding of off-host survival suggests that, places which have been inhabited by infected animals may need to be disinfected or remain vacated for at least 12 days before occupancy by clean cats or dogs...

..transmission patterns and prevalence in definitive and intermediate hosts...

..Finally, the peritreme features and the spinulation of the third segment of the four morphotypes examined could not be used to differentiate the two species...

..There was a significant interaction between the factors for pregnancy status and grazing practices. None of the epidemiological data recorded was a good predictor of the anti-N. caninum antibody level...

..This molecular assay should be a useful epidemiological tool for assessing the role of different species of flies as intermediate hosts of thelaziae...

..callipaeda is also present in other European countries. Speculation as to the origins of this parasitic infestation in Europe and the biology of T. callipaeda and its vector/s is also discussed...

..These findings confirm the utility of morphological characters for differentiating the most common Hypoderma larvae and reconfirm the power of the COI gene for studying insect identification and systematics...

..bovis and H. lineatum and that a PCR-RFLP assay is a practical tool for their identification, offering additional diagnostic and epidemiological instruments for the study of cattle grub infestation...

..The second section deals with the more recent advances concerning taxonomy, phylogenetics, population studies, molecular identification, diagnosis and vaccination...

..The most important aspects of the aetiology, biological cycle, spread, epidemiology and pathogenesis of dicrocoeliosis are reviewed and the recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment are focused on...

..This PCR-RFLP for the delineation of T. gulosa, T. rhodesi and T. skrjabini offers prospects as a molecular epidemiological tool to study parasite transmission patterns and prevalence...

....

..The morphological characteristics useful for the identification of T. callipaeda are discussed...

..This basic knowledge of the development of T. callipaeda will hopefully help future epidemiological studies to identify the intermediate hosts and define the likely risk for vectors in field conditions...

....

..immitis infesting dogs in the same area. A zoonotic Dirofilaria species infesting wild mammals in Brazil and its implications are discussed...

..The results for the SSCP analysis and sequencing were concordant, indicating that the mutation scanning approach provides a useful tool for investigating the population genetics and molecular ecology of T. callipaeda...

..The relationship between the prevalence of D. repens in dogs and the occurrence of human cases of ocular dirofilariasis is discussed on the basis of a review of the historical literature...

..inermis, G. pecorum and G. haemorrhoidalis have been decreasing relative to G. intestinalis and G. nasalis which may suggest tendency toward the extinction of the three former species of Gasterophilus...

..domestica collected from Group 3 were negative for T. callipaeda. The results clearly suggest that M. domestica is unlikely to act as a vector of T. callipaeda in southern Europe, in contrast with a single previous report...

..7%). This trial contributed to a significant reduction in infestation rates in the study area and represented the first step through which a national program for eradicating warble fly infestation in Italy...

..t. (group A=98.43%, group B=77.56%)...

..The hope is not only to reduce the parasitic intensity with obvious benefits for livestock production, but also to avoid the risk of spreading this parasitic disease to neighboring countries...

..A large epidemiological survey was conducted by examining skin samples (n = 917) and ticks (n = 890) collected from dogs at different time points in Italy, central Spain and eastern Greece...

..The movement of animals and their associated parasites in this region can help to explain the evolution of parasitic biodiversity...

..The rK39 dipstick proved to be a rapid, sensitive, and specific test that may be very useful in the field for large-scale screening and also in veterinary practice, requiring minimal equipment and operator expertise...

..infantum under experimental condition. The occurrence of anti-L. infantum antibodies in domestic gooses (A. anser) and in a pheasant (P. colchicus) points out their possible role in the epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis...

..It was concluded that testing commercial milk for antibodies is an efficient way of detecting the presence of hypodermosis in cattle, especially in those countries for which no data on this disease are available...

..yeast may become pathogenic under certain circumstances. This article reviews the factors related to both host and yeast which affect the pathogenical or commensal phenotypes of Malassezia yeasts...

..can ingest microfilariae, which develop up to the third infective stage thus suggesting that this tick species might act as an intermediate host of this little known canine filarioid...

..The complete sequence of H. lineatum will represent a useful dataset to evaluate the evolutionary pattern of mtDNA within Oestroidea by using molecular information in diagnostic, taxonomic and evolutionary studies...

..This information should be taken into account when planning control programmes against this tick species and the pathogens it transmits...

..5% of the 77 samples that tested positive for M. canis at the cultural examination was positive under Wood's lamp florescence and 53.2% at microscopic examination...

..Due the important role of immatures in the spread of TBDs, the immature tick load should be calculated to assess the efficacy of acaricidal products both under laboratory and field conditions...

..Isolates (73.3%) from bird droppings showed a higher ph.a. than those from cloacae thus indicating that wild birds not only act as carriers but may also spread phospholipase-producing yeasts in the environment...

....

..The ELISA test on bulk milk samples has been shown, under field conditions, to be a useful, cost-effective and easy test for the diagnosis of bovine hypodermosis...

..infection and sex, age, breeding management, and antiparasitic treatments. This field survey provided further information on habronemosis and its epidemiology...

..The lack of correlation between canine seroprevalence for N. caninum and L. infantum assumes a particular significance in an endemic area for leishmaniosis...

..The ability to specifically diagnose gastric habronemosis in equids should have important implications for investigating the epidemiology and ecology of H. microstoma and H. muscae...

..The molecular assay presented herein is a useful tool to identify the intermediate host(s) of T. lacrymalis in natural conditions and to study its/their ecology and epidemiology...

..aerophilus infections may have upon animal health and its zoonotic potential, it is strongly advisable to routinely include this disease in the differential diagnosis of (cardio)-respiratory diseases of dogs and cats...

..The phylogenetic and evolutionary implications of Habronema with Filaroidea and Thelazioidea are discussed...

..Although other cases of ocular dirofilariosis by D. immitis have been previously recorded in Australia and the United States, the case reported herein is the first in a dog from Europe...

..This study confirms the utility of the COI and 16S and 28S rRNA genes to address diagnostic and phylogenetic questions in Gasterophilus species...

....

..1% in farm and kennel dogs, respectively). The strength and weakness of the two different approaches (i.e. annual monitoring or monthly interval monitoring) for calculating the incidence of CanL in an endemic area have been discussed...

..Gross examination showed a conjunctivitis, more frequently a follicular conjunctivitis, in the 58% of the infected horses...

....

..pachydermatis occur on dogs. The multilocus approach employed herein provides a foundation for future investigations of M. pachydermatis from other animals and humans, and their ecology and epidemiology...

..infantum kDNA in salivary glands of R. sanguineus ticks has been here reported for the first time. Therefore, further studies are needed to assess the competence of ticks as vectors of Leishmania parasites from dog to dog...

..The relationship between eyeworms and their hosts are discussed here, together with recent molecular insights that are instrumental in investigating the biology of Thelazia in their definitive and intermediate hosts...

..sanguineus eggs are sensible to prolonged exposure to low temperature, which is definitely a major limiting factor for the establishment of populations of this tick in cold temperate regions...