V Martella

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..These findings provide the need for future epidemiological surveys and warrant studies to investigate the pathogenic potential of these novel GCRVs in pigs...

..Specific antibodies were detected in the convalescent-phase sera of the dogs, indicating seroconversion. Also, the virus appeared weakly related antigenically to the prototype canine astrovirus isolate ITA/2008/Bari...

..The reassortant nature of the virus rules out a direct zoonotic event...

..However, one of the P[14],G3 strains possessed a super-short pattern. Altogether, these data highlight the epidemiological relevance of the P[22] LRVs in Italian rabbitries...

..The detection of the rare P[3] genotype in ruminants provides additional evidence for the wide genetic and antigenic diversity of group A rotaviruses...

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..Genetic variation of G9 rotaviruses explains the constraints encountered in the typing assays and presumably accounts, together with genetic reassortment events, for the emergence on a global scale of the G9 serotype...

..We report the identification of a novel enteric calicivirus, genetically related to human noroviruses of genogroup IV, in a lion cub that died of severe hemorrhagic enteritis...

..This report confirms the worldwide genetic constellations of LRVs and identifies a novel VP4 genotype in rabbits, tentatively proposed as genotype P[22]...

..This may signify a local reemergence of the G9 rotaviruses detected in Italy in the early and mid-1990s or may be related to the global emergence of G9 rotaviruses in recent years...

..Out of 67 strains analyzed, 49 (73.13%) were characterized as CPV-2a, 6 (8.95%) were characterized as CPV-2b, and 12 (17.91%) were characterized as the Glu-426 mutant...

..Altogether, the findings suggest that feline RVs are genetically diverse and that human RVs may occasionally originate either directly or indirectly (via reassortment) from feline RVs...

..The H protein of the fox CDV strain was unrelated to strains within the major European lineage. These results suggest that at least three different CDV lineages are present in Italy...

..The vaccine induced seroconversion in 100% of pups with MDA titers of < or = 80 and in 51.6% of pups with titers between 160 and 320...

..9% nucleotide identity and 98.9% amino acid identity) identified from oysters in Japan, indicating that similar viruses may be common environmental contaminants...

..The presence of porcine viruses similar to human SaVs is a significant finding because of the potential for zoonotic infections or generation of porcine/human recombinants...

..These findings indicate that Rockborn-like viruses may be recovered from dogs or other carnivores with distemper, suggesting cases of residual virulence of vaccines, or circulation of vaccine-derived Rockborn-like viruses in the field...

..We identified a novel calicivirus in a pup with enteritis. The isolate was related genetically (90.1% aa identity in the capsid protein) to a lion norovirus strain...

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..In contrast, AstVs were detected in only 9.3 % of asymptomatic pups. These findings indicate that canine AstVs are common in dogs and may suggest a possible role as canine enteric pathogens...

..Animal experiments are required to understand better the pathogenic role of astroviruses in dogs...

..By converse, norovirus strains were not detected. Altogether, these data suggest the epidemiological relevance of porcine enteric caliciviruses and suggest a role in the etiology of piglets diarrhoea...

..The isolation in Italy of canine rotaviruses displaying the same VP7 and VP4 specificities as in the USA and in Japan, suggests that the G3 and P5A[3] types are highly conserved among canine rotavirus strains...

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..The method could be useful for molecular epidemiological studies of CDV, providing a tool for large-scale studies, and for the diagnosis of vaccine-related disease...

..The nucleotide and amino acid variations observed in strain RV52/96 could account for the existence of a canine rotavirus G3 sub-type...

..Four changes were localized in the antigenic regions C-D and likely accounted for the vaccine failure...

..All 23 strains were characterized as type G6P[5] by PCR. The isolation from piglets of rotaviruses displaying typical bovine G- and P-type specificities points out the high frequency of rotavirus transmission between cattle and pigs...

..The amino acid sequence of the full-length VP4 protein had low identity (<or=76.6%) with the homologous sequences of representative strains of the remaining P genotypes, providing evidence for a novel P genotype...

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..Altogether, these results indicate that the PoRV strain 134/04-15 should be considered as prototype of a new VP4 genotype, P[26], and provide further evidence for the vast genetic and antigenic diversity of group A rotaviruses...

..Recently, evidence has been gathered that noroviruses may also circulate in domestic carnivores. The zoonotic implications of these novel viruses deserve more attention, due to the strict social interactions between humans and pets...

..The identification of CPV-2 variants raises several questions concerning their impact on the efficacy of the current CPV-2 vaccines, based on the original CPV-2 strain that no longer exists in the field...

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..The two control dogs displayed moderate clinical signs and the virus was detected by VI for 14.5 median days starting from day 3 post-challenge (dpc 3) and by PCR assay for 23 median days starting from dpc 1...

..The failure of established typing methods to distinguish this antigenic variant was overcome by the development of an RFLP assay...

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..In sum, out of the 68 strains analysed, 26 were characterised as CPV-2a, 18 as CPV-2b and 24 as a CPV-2 Glu-426 mutant recently identified in Italy...

..Herpesvirus genital infection of goats is a useful animal model to study the activity of antiviral drugs against human herpesvirus infections...

..In pup B, killing exerted by PMN was absent at T0, then increased but again dropped below normal ranges at T3. The described alterations of phagocytic functions may be regarded as possible viral mechanisms of immune evasion...

..Moreover, the nucleotide substitutions occurring over the whole fragment of the five samples analysed were similar...

..Results demonstrated the serious consequences which may occur with dual infections by CAV-1 and CCV in assembled groups of dogs that are housed in poorly managed kennels with inadequate vaccination programmes...

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..The results confirm the damaging effect of CpHV.1 infection on pregnancy, the difficulty in diagnosing the CpHV.1 induced abortion, and the importance developing appropriate prophylactic programmes...

..We suggest that this new antigenic variant of CPV-2 could spread throughout Europe and that there is a subsequent need to update current CPV vaccines...

..These data may suggest an advantage for new vaccines, considering that most presently licensed vaccines are produced with CPV2, which no longer exists in the dog population...

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..CPV-specific antibodies were observed in milk, with decreasing values, throughout the lactation period. The kinetics of MDA observed in the pups was consistent with the patterns of absorption and decline previously described...

..Protection against infection depended on the number of injections of vaccine and the route of challenge...

..Antibodies to both the viruses were detected in the serum. The severity of the disease induced by the mixed viral infection highlights the need for intensifying FPV vaccination in cats...

..Although BVDV type 2 has been described in Europe rarely, the characterization of BD/90-1M strain as BVDV type 2, isolated in Italy in 1990, demonstrates that this genotype has been circulating in Italy since the 1990s...

..The histopathological lesions consisted of areas of hypomyelination in the brain, and a slight depletion of thymic medullary lymphocytes associated with an increase in reticular cells...

..These findings suggest that mucosal immunization is potentially exploitable in the control of genital infection by herpesviruses...

..quot;mycoides" cluster were revealed. The m-PCR was able to detect 1 pg of mycoplasma DNA. The specificity and sensitivity of the m-PCR suggest its use for the "routine" diagnosis of CA...

..in water buffalo (B. Bubalis) herds...

..The limited response to S protein may explain the poor protection of dogs and the possibility of persisting infection...

..OvHV-2 viral DNA was detected by a PCR test performed on peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL) and tissue samples from both the animals, completing the definitive diagnosis of MCF...

..In conclusion, our data support the existence of a host-range variant of BCoV associated with enteritis in buffaloes...

..By real-time PCR, the highest viral DNA titers were detected in the feces of both litters at day 10, reaching median values of more than 10(10) DNA copies/mg of feces...

..PCR and virus isolation allowed us to detect CpHV.1 only in the third and fourth sacral ganglia of the two animals euthanized 6 days after the start of treatment...

..To compare several methods for detection of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from food...

..9 kDa non-structural protein and a truncated form of the 4.8 kDa protein, whereas CRCoV 4182 has a unique 8.8 kDa protein...

..As classical CCoV-II and TEGV-like CCoVs are related antigenically, the recombinant S' ELISA is a useful method to investigate serologically the prevalence of TGEV-like CCoVs in dogs...

..6% and 16.2%, respectively). By sequence analysis, the strains were characterized as norovirus variants GII.4/2004 and GII.b/Hilversum, which were both circulating in Italy in the same time-span...

..Even without adjuvants, prolonged mucosal vaccination induced production of secretory IgA and provided significant clinical protection...

..In addition, it is important to evaluate whether the efficacy of the vaccine against these new strains may somehow be affected...

..Our data suggest that a typing method based on RAPD combined with HVR-PCR may be useful to compare MRSA isolated in a hospital environment, whereas PFGE may be used for further analysis...

..77%) observed in dogs...

..Using this assay for extensive molecular surveys will provide precise information on the real circulation of the CPV antigenic variants, including the new variant 2c, in cat population worldwide...

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..The high sensitivity, simplicity and reproducibility of the CCoV fluorogenic RT-PCR assay, combined with its wide dynamic range and high throughput, make this method especially suitable for efficacy trials on CCoV vaccines...

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..Virus neutralizing antibody levels >1:20 were detected, especially in animals that were vaccinated twice. The use of oil adjuvants is suggested as a good way to enhance the immune response to inactivated canine distemper vaccine...

..Analysis of the selection pressure driving CPV evolution confirmed that the VP2 gene is under purifying selection. The emergence and global spread of the new CPV variant provides an interesting model to better understand virus evolution...

..At the same time, dogs infected experimentally shed type I RNA with higher titres with respect to type II...

..By virus neutralization tests, antigenic differences between reference and TGEV-like CCoVs were found. Our data support the potential recombinant origin of the TGEV-like CCoVs...

..Whether and to which extent the FPL vaccines can protect cats adequately from the antigenic variants of CPV-2 should be assessed...

..87% and 3.45%, respectively). Sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that the CCoV-IIb strains were related to prototype TGEV-like strains in the 5' and the 3' ends of the spike protein gene...

..The reliability of the classification results was confirmed by repeating the phylogenetic analysis with nucleotide and amino acid sequences from multiple genomic regions...

..The ELISA based on recombinant M protein represents an alternative and valid test for detection of antibodies to CCoV in dog sera...

..The evident genetic divergence between the reference CCoV strains and the newly identified Elmo/02-like CCoVs strongly suggests that a novel genotype of CCoV is widespread in the dog population...

..As CCoV type I seems to be not cultivable in cell cultures, the recombinant fragments of the S protein represent a unique method to study, preliminarily, the immunological and the pathogenetic characteristics of this new virus...

..The isolates in 10 samples were recognized as CCoV type I, and the isolates in 6 samples were recognized as CCoV type II, while isolates of both genotypes were simultaneously detected in 53 samples...

..These results make the established MGB probe assays an attractive tool for direct and rapid species identification in canned tuna...

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..These results confirm that conventional faecal indicators are unreliable for demonstrating the presence or absence of viruses...

..The present report shows that albeit genetically heterogeneous, the different BuCoV strains possess a common biological pattern which is different from most BCoV and BCoV-like isolates...

..The RT-PCR results were confirmed by sequence analysis of the amplified products. Phylogeny carried out on fragments of the M and S genes showed that the FCoV strain segregates with typical type I FCoVs...

..agalactiae...

..The observed antigenic differences might drive selection of CPV strains by generating differential immune pressure in the canine population, which raises concerns about vaccine efficacy...

..The present study confirms that strain CB/05 is highly pathogenic for dogs, being able to induce a severe disease (and in some cases the death) even in experimental conditions...

..Like human herpesvirus 2 (HHV-2) in humans, infection by caprine herpesvirus 1 in goats is associated with genital lesions, and this provides a unique model to study the efficacy and effects of anti-herpetic drugs...

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..Urines, tonsil, conjunctival swabs and whole blood were found to contain high virus loads and therefore proved to be suitable targets for detection of canine distemper virus RNA...

..These new assays will help resolution of the diagnostic problems related to the detection of a type 2b strain in the faeces of dogs shortly after the administration of a type 2b vaccine...

..Altogether, the findings suggest the existence of a novel coronavirus genetically related to turkey coronavirus...