F Benazzi

..However, it is still unclear if its definition should be based on specific manic symptoms or on a number/score of manic symptoms. Different definitions may have different diagnostic utility, such as treatment impacts...

..The aim of the study was to assess whether major depressive disorder (MDD) with anger could be included in the bipolar spectrum, by comparing it to MDD without anger and to bipolar II disorder...

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..If confirmed by future studies, these preliminary findings can have very important treatment implications, given the very different treatment strategies in mood disorders compared with schizophrenia...

..The study aim was to test different definitions of mixed depression, defined as a depression with concurrent hypomanic symptoms...

..It is still unclear how to best define DMX. The study's aim was to test a categorical versus a dimensional definition of DMX...

..These patients would probably have today met the criteria for bipolar I. Our aim was to find the prevalence and clinical correlates of biphasic course in bipolar II (BP II) in contemporary ambulatory patients...

..Bipolar II is diagnosed in a clinically depressed patient by documenting history of hypomania. Therefore, it is of great significance for both clinical and research purposes to characterize the factor structure of hypomania...

..Our objective was to further refine the strict SCID-CV guidelines for hypomania in depressed outpatients...

..Study aim was to find if the best clinically useful definition of DMX was one based on a minimum number of hypomanic symptoms, or instead one based on the combination of specific hypomanic symptoms...

..Epidemiologic data suggest that briefer hypomanias are prevalent in the community. We sought to find out the relative prevalence of short (2-3 days) versus long (>/=4 days) hypomanias in private practice...

..Further studies on this topic are needed...

..A bipolar vulnerability seems to be required for the appearance of DMX3 also in later life...

..The study aim was to test whether mood reactivity should be included in DSM-IV atypical features specifier...

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..Findings have important clinical and treatment implications because antidepressants may worsen DMX, and the presence of DMX may induce clinicians to assess systematically and carefully the history of past hypomania...

..DMS2 was more likely in bipolar II with a younger age at onset. Different bipolar II ages at onset did not have an effect on DMS2 clinical correlates...

..Age difference may be a confounding factor. Study aims were to describe the clinical and family history features of bipolar II versus unipolar depression, and to control for the possible confounding effect of age on clinical features...

..It is not classified in DSM-IV and ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorder (ICD-10). Some data support its subtyping. This study aims to test the subtyping of AD...

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..Kraepelin observed, in an inpatient sample, that DMX was related to the number of episodes and to duration of manic-depressive insanity (illness)...

..Predicting the switch might have important treatment implications, because antidepressants used alone may worsen the course of bipolar disorders. Prospective studies are required to support these findings and hypotheses...

..Study aim was to find if DMX in bipolar II disorder was often a transition period between depression and hypomania, as suggested by Kraepelin...

..DSM-IV melancholic major depressive episode (MDE) in bipolar II disorder (BP-II) is understudied. Study aim was to compare melancholic MDE in BP-II vs. unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) on diagnostic validators and clinical features...

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..Study aim was to find the frequency of "ups & downs" in a large sample of bipolar II (BPII) and major depressive disorder (MDD),and to test its association with BPII...

..To find if bipolar II disorder (BPII) and major depressive disorder (MDD) were distinct categories or overlapping syndromes...

..Depression with racing thoughts was very common in depressed outpatients, and was associated with suicidal ideation. Possible differential effects of antidepressants vs. mood stabilizers and antipsychotics are discussed...

..Study aims were to find the prevalence of women, and to study gender differences in depressive mixed state (DMX), a major depressive episode (MDE) with few concurrent hypomanic symptoms...

..The aim of the study was to find the degree of agreement in the diagnosis of BPII between the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) and a semistructured interview based on DSM-IV criteria done by an expert clinician...

..Accordingly, the aim of the present analyses was to test if a practical measure of mood lability was unique to BPII, in comparison with major depressive disorder (MDD)...

..Mood disorders included into the bipolar spectrum are increasing, and overactivity (increased goal-directed activity) has reached the status of mood change for the diagnosis of hypomania in the recent studies by Angst and Akiskal...

..Different factor structure (between bipolar II and unipolar depression) supports previous findings that response to antidepressants and biology may be different in bipolar II and unipolar depression...

..The study aims were to assess the prevalence and clinical correlates of persistent residual depressive symptoms in bipolar II disorder...

..The aims of this study were to find the prevalence and clinical features of DMS in atypical depression...

..Chronic depression subtypes had significantly longer duration of illness, less comorbidity, and more recurrences than nonchronic depression. These findings do not support the DSM-IV subtyping of chronic depression...

..As the diagnosis of past hypomania may not be very reliable from a patient's interview, atypical features may be an important marker of bipolar II disorder...

..The prevalence of bipolar II disorder among atypical depressed outpatients was higher than previously reported...

..4% vs 25.4%, odds ratio 2.4). As the diagnosis of bipolar II disorder is often based on diagnosis of past hypomania, which may not be very reliable. depression with atypical features may point to bipolar II disorder diagnosis...

..To compare the clinical features and the outcome between patients with early- and late-onset bipolar II disorder...

..As different ages at onset may identify distinct subtypes of depression, this finding might suggest that atypical bipolar II depression may be distinct from both atypical unipolar depression and nonatypical bipolar II depression...

..The high frequency of DMX in bipolar II MDE supports the need for controlled studies to test the effects of antidepressants on depressive mixed state (as clinical observations suggest possible negative effects)...

..Age at onset was significantly lower in bipolar II females than in unipolar females. This difference was not related to the higher prevalence of atypical features in bipolar II females...

..Findings were related to psychosis or to age, and not to specific features of psychotic late-life depression. These results support a unitary view of psychotic depression...

..The relationship between bipolar and unipolar psychotic depression has not been well studied. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare bipolar with unipolar psychotic outpatient depression...

..Findings suggest that there are important clinical differences between atypical and non-atypical depression in private practice outpatients...

..Aim of the study was to compare age at onset and indicators of severity (recurrences, chronicity, psychosis) between bipolar I and bipolar II disorders to clarify this point...

..Comparisons among atypical and non-atypical bipolar II and unipolar patients showed that only MADRS items of 'reduced sleep' and 'reduced appetite' were significantly different between atypical and non-atypical patients...

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..3. Private practice outpatient female depression (chronic, psychotic, or recurrent) was not more severe than male depression...

..A major feature of the study was the inclusion of a large number of bipolar II patients, usually not included in previous studies...

..Bipolar II had significantly lower age at onset, more recurrences, and more atypical features. Findings suggest that hypomania lasting 2 to 3 days may identify a bipolar II group having typical features of bipolar disorders...

..Both unipolar and bipolar switchers had instead early age at onset and frequent atypical features, suggesting that these factors might increase the risk of switching in unipolar depression...

..The presence of DSM-IV atypical features predicted bipolar II diagnosis with 63% probability...

..To find differences between early- and late-onset atypical depression (AD)...

..To determine the prevalence of chronic depression among outpatients seen for depression...

..It is not clear if weight gain is caused by a pharmacological effect of antidepressants, or if instead it is an effect of recovery from depression. The aim of this study was to try to clarify this point...

..Results support subtyping of Bipolar II in a small good-outcome group, and a large moderate-poor-outcome group...

..Results support the subtyping of bipolar II chronic depression in EO and LO on the basis of different clinical features...

..To determine if atypical depression is less common among outpatients with severe depression than among those with nonsevere depression...

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..Aim of the study was to compare female depression with onset before menopause with female depression with onset after menopause, to find out if endocrinological changes had an impact on depression...

..The aim of the study was to find the prevalence of interpersonal rejection sensitivity (IRS) (a personality trait in DSM-IV) in bipolar II and unipolar depression...

..History of high depressive recurrence (without history of mania/hypomania) has been proposed as a mood subtype close to bipolar disorders. Herein we test whether this is the best approach to this question...

..Pharmacological studies are required to support any new definition of AD, as the current concept of AD is based on different response to TCA antidepressants versus non-AD...

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..e. DSM-IV and ICD-10), in its failure to recognize the bipolar nature of depressive mixed states, thereby fails to shield pseudo-unipolar patients from antidepressant monotherapy, which is inappropriate for such patients...

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..DSM-IV definition of hypomania of bipolar-II disorder (BP-II), which includes elevated/irritable mood change as core feature (i.e., it must always be present), is not based on sound evidence...

..Angst has suggested new criteria for hypomania, giving priority to overactivity. Study aim was to test the validity of Angst's diagnostic criteria for hypomania...

..The study aim was to find which symptoms of depression could be possible cross-sectional markers of BP-II, in order to reduce underdiagnosing BP-II...

..Accordingly, we undertook a full scale validation of such a link in a large clinical sample of BP-II and unipolar (UP) major depressive disorder (MDD)...

..No bi-modality, and a dose-response relationship, would not support a categorical distinction...

..Beyond its diagnostic significance, the foregoing signs and symptoms are among the clinical features the FDA lists as presaging "suicidality" on antidepressant monotherapy...

..A veritable tower of Babel indeed. In the present analyses, our aim was to extend previous research on irritable-hostile depression to more specific parameters of bipolarity and depressive mixed state (DMX)...

..However, its diagnostic validity and bipolar nature are still not firmly supported. A bipolar nature could have significant treatment impacts...

..The aim was to determine whether having a family history of bipolar disorder (BPD) or unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with an increased likelihood of having migraine headaches...

..0% of bipolar II subjects. These findings have important treatment implications, as antidepressants may worsen the symptoms of depressive mixed states, and mood stabilizers can be useful...

..Analogous to the DSM-IV approach in the diagnosis of manic mixed state, in this exploratory study we operationalized DH as coexisting full syndromal hypomanic and major depressive states...

..The study aim was to find the impact of temperamental mood lability (TML) on DMX...

..These results support a link of atypical and early-onset "unipolar" depression with bipolar II disorder, and support Pages and Dunner's suggestion to combine bipolar II and recurrent unipolar into a single group...

..A reshaping of the classification of mood disorders thus seems required. Age-at-onset and recurrence have been suggested to be more clinically and genetically useful in the phenotyping of mood disorders...

..Our aims were to find the sensitivity and specificity of DMX for the diagnosis of bipolar II disorder, and validate it against familial bipolarity...

..The prevalence of melancholic features in bipolar II depression in private practice was higher than previously reported in academic centers...

..To establish the prevalence of late-life depression in unipolar/bipolar depressed outpatients in private practice, to compare it with depression in younger patients and to compare its early/late-onset subtypes...

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..We used the ongoing Ravenna-San Diego Collaboration database to examine this question with respect to major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar II (BP-II)...

..A correlation between intradepressive hypomanic symptoms and depressive symptoms could support such a continuum, but other explanations of a correlation are possible...

..e. combination of syndromal hypomania and depression) compared to Bipolar I Disorder Mixed State (i.e. combination of syndromal mania and depression)...

..In bipolar-II (BP-II) disorder impulsivity (defined as excessive risky activities by DSM-IV-TR) is one of the symptoms of hypomania. It is unclear if impulsivity is also a trait in BP-II...

..As PPV is related to disease prevalence, findings need to be replicated in different settings...

..To review the diagnostic validity and utility of mixed depression, i.e. co-occurrence of depression and manic/hypomanic symptoms...

..Missing the diagnosis of past hypomania, and thus of bipolar II disorder, is common. Study aim was to find a 'prediction rule' for facilitating the diagnosis of past hypomania...

..Pages and Dunner (1997) view that recurrent unipolar and bipolar II could be part of a single mood disorder, and Goodwin and Jamison (1990) view that recurrence is the key feature of mood disorders are partly supported by the findings...

..5 vs. 0.0%). Logistic regression controlling for age, gender and illness duration had little effect on the findings, which suggests that psychomotor changes are not core features of melancholic MDE...

..All AD symptoms were significantly associated with DSM-IV AD, and with most study variables. Results support the current DSM-IV definition of AD...

..Some pharmacological studies support this new AD definition (by showing better response to MAOI than to TCA, as shown in DSM-IV AD)...

..These data may be important for the genetics of mixed depression. The study aim was to investigate the BPFH of the hypomanic symptoms of mixed depression...

..A cross-sectional marker like DMX3 may increase the probability of making the correct diagnosis of bipolar II, and therefore may be a useful definition of DMX...

..According to Kraepelin, temperamental instability was the "foundation" of his unitary view of mood disorders...

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