Francesco Amenta

..The demonstration of neuroprotective effect of nicardipine suggests an use of the compound in situations in which hypertension is accompanied by the risk of brain damage...

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..In spite of the heterogeneity of peripheral systems expressing dopamine receptors, analysis of their localization with appropriate microanatomical techniques may contribute to investigate their role in health and disease...

..This particular profile would justify reconsideration of the compound in larger controlled clinical trials for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction associated with dementia disorders of vascular origin...

..Treatment with lercanidipine countered hypertension-related cardiac and coronary changes, suggesting that this dihydropyridine-type Ca2+ antagonist may improve heart and coronary structure in diabetes associated with hypertension...

..Limits and perspectives in the use of animal models for assessing brain damage caused by hypertension and protection from it are discussed...

..More extensive investigations could contribute to establishing optimal choice and drug dosage for the treatment of cognitive complications of hypertension...

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..Our main studies on cerebrovascular and brain microanatomical changes occurring in SHR and their sensitivity to pharmacological interventions are summarized...

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..The sensitivity of dopaminergic system in our experimental model suggests that dermal exposure to deltamethrin could represent a risk factor for Parkinson's disease...

..A wider neuroprotective effect of the cholinergic inhibitor/precursor association was observed. These findings suggest to assess the activity of this cholinergic association in clinical trials...

..This suggests that analysis of retinal arteries may be predictive of brain intracerebral arteries changes in hypertension...

..The demonstration of a neuroprotective effect of Ca2+ antagonists on retina of SHR suggests that these compounds might protect to a some extent retina from hypertensive injury...

..The observation of a greater expression of this cholinergic marker in SHR suggest that AChE inhibition may provide beneficial effects on cholinergic neurotransmission in an animal model of VaD...

..The observation that treatment with choline alphoscerate attenuates the extent of glial reaction in the hippocampus of SHR suggests also that the compound may afford neuroprotection in this animal model of vascular brain damage...

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..This situation in case of an acute or excessively elevated rise of blood pressure can promote BBB changes causing the brain damage occurring in this animal model of hypertension...

..The evaluation of specific properties of dihydropyridines on hypertensive end-organ damage may contribute to better choices depending on clinical situations...

..Based on the microanatomical localization of dopaminergic markers investigated, a role of dopamine in maturation and selection of lymphocytes and activation of immune responses is suggested...

..This study has assessed the presence of vascular brain lesions and risk factors in subjects with diagnosis of AD and their influence on the disease course both in Late Onset Dementia (LOD) and in Early Onset Dementia (EOD)...

..This for assessing their place if any in pharmacotherapy of dementia disorders characterized by diminished cholinergic tone...

..Hydralazine countered luminal narrowing only. Dihydropyridines exerted renal vasocilatory activity primarily on resistance arteries, being lercanidipine the only compound active on small sized arteries...

..The comparison between males and females showed no significant difference for the two drug treatment...

..These results support the view that hypertension and diabetes affect the structure of cerebrovascular tree and of brain and that association of the two diseases results in an increased risk of target-organ damage, involving brain...

..In conclusion, nimodipine is a safe drug with an important place in pharmacotherapy and with the main documentation for reduction in the severity of neurological deficits resulting from vasospasm in SAH patients...

..The possibility that rescued P-NFP immunoreactivity by treatment with nicardipine depends on improved brain perfusion caused by the compound and/or by countering neuronal Ca2+ overload is discussed...

..The high inter-subject variability of parameters investigated indicate the need of appropriate sample size in pharmacokinetics studies with lovastatin...

..Hence, the two salts investigated could be used interchangeably in clinical practice...

..This property may be useful in avoiding generalized or exaggerated cerebrovascular dilatation in hypertension which could be accompanied by impaired brain perfusion...

..The possibility that microanatomical changes developed in intracerebral arteries of SHR may represent a model of cerebrovascular disease of the elderly is discussed...

..In view of this, the identification of age-related changes of striatal muscarinic receptor subtypes may contribute to develop cholinergic strategies to counter cholinergic neurotransmission changes occurring with aging...

..Our findings support the hypothesis that arterial hypertension may represent a risk factor of neuropathy...

..Compared with nimodipine, lercanidipine induced a more effective decrease of SBP. This may represent an advantage in the treatment of hypertension with risk of brain damage...

..Further work is in progress to identify the functional relevance of microanatomical observations of the present study...

..This activity of lercanidipine on small-sized intracerebral arteries might represent an interesting property for the treatment of hypertensive brain damage with concomitant ischemia...

..This paper reviews the main microanatomical, neurochemical and behavioral characteristics of SHR with particular reference as an animal model of brain vascular injury...

..This may account for the difficulty in obtaining relevant results in manipulating cholinoceptors to counter age-related impairment of cholinergic system...

..The characterization of these cholinergic markers may also contribute to define if their evaluation can be used for assessing the status of brain cholinergic system...

..The identification of cerebrovascular A1 and A3 adenosine receptor subtypes may stimulate further research for detailing the mechanism(s) of regulation of cerebral circulation by adenosine...

..The identification of neurodegenerative changes in OZRs may represent the first step for better characterizing neuronal involvement in this model of MetS and possible treatment for countering it...

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..In view of this assessment of lymphocyte DAT and VMAT transporters can be considered for identifying pathologies characterized by impaired dopaminergic neurotransmission...

..A better knowledge of molecular bases of these changes may contribute to the development of specific therapeutic approaches in the future...

..Assessment of lymphocyte muscarinic receptor subtypes may contribute to characterization of cholinergic impairment in AD...

..Comparison of the localisation of dopamine D2-like receptor sites and of the sympathetic neuroeffector plexus in the pulmonary artery, suggests a possible prejunctional localisation of these sites...

..The possible clinico-therapeutic relevance of this observation is discussed...

..The possible significance of hyperplasia and hypertrophy of GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes in the frontal cortex and in the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus of aged rats is discussed...

..The presence of Ca2+ channels of the L-type in human pulmonary artery suggests that their pharmacological manipulation may be considered in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension...

..These receptors are probably involved in the modulation of catecholamine release from chromaffin cells, as documented by functional studies...

..The possibility that cholinergic neurotransmission enhancement may represent a therapeutic strategy in cerebrovascular disease is discussed...

..The influence of arterial hypertension on retinal neurons and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) immunoreactive astrocytes was investigated in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs)...

..These findings support the hypothesis of an involvement of dopaminergic system in behavioural abnormalities or psychosis occurring in ageing...

..Although some positive results cannot be generalized due to the small numbers of patients studied, they probably would justify reconsideration of the most promising molecules in larger carefully controlled trials...

..In view of the peculiar localization in cerebral vessels, handling of the muscarinic m5 receptor may be considered as an approach in the treatment of cerebrovascular disease...

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..The more pronounced effect of (+)-thioctic acid observed in this study may have practical therapeutic implications worthy of being investigated in further preclinical and clinical studies...

..The regulatory role of different families of (neuro)transmitters (catecholamines, 5-hydroxytryptamine, acetylcholine, histamine and neuropeptides) in modulating levels of immune mediators or specific immune responses is discussed...

..It cannot be excluded a different activity of dopamine in primary and secondary immune organs, such as maturation and selection of lymphocytes and activation of immune responses in the spleen...

..Lercanidipine also had beneficial effects on the renal vasculature, suggesting that the compound may be considered for treating hypertension associated with diabetes...

..It would be important to study hypertensive patients, above all young asymptomatic hypertensives, even about cognitive functions, to prevent and consider cognitive decline and effective organ damage...

..Compounds 5 l and 6 i good M(1) and M(3) antagonistic properties in vitro and were devoid of cholinergic side effects in vivo...

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..However, they probably would justify reconsideration of the most promising molecules in larger carefully controlled studies...

..The demonstration of a different expression of lymphocyte muscarinic receptors in asthma suggests that cholinergic system may participate to a molecular framework influencing immune functions in asthma...

..This may account for more pronounced neuronal than vascular effects after pharmacological manipulation of cerebral Ca2+ channels...

..Different and probably converging pathophysiologic mechanisms explain the role of arterial hypertension in causing cognitive dysfunction in pathologic aging of the brain, specifically, vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease...

..At 5 months of age, there are still dynamic changes in the mature astrocytes, which become slender and thinner probably as a response to the increased volume of hippocampus noticeable at this age...

..Dysfunction of the upper and lower airways frequently coexist, and they appear to share key elements of pathogenesis...

..This suggests that the dopamine D4 receptor may be involved in the control of neurotransmitter release and in renal hemodynamic and tubule function...

..In patients with prior strokes, statins reduce the incidence of coronary events, but it is not yet proven if drugs of this class actually reduce the incidence of recurrent strokes in terms of secondary prevention...

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..The widespread expression of NTs and their receptors in different components of the lung suggests that these factors may contribute to regulate cell function in human lung...

..These data represent the first step toward the comprehension of the role of this transporter in renal dopamine handling and its involvement in pathological situations...

..This paper reviews the main symptomatic strategies available for treating AD and future strategies for improving our therapeutic approach to AD...

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..On the site of psychotropic drugs, atypical or novel antipsychotics represent the reference drugs for treating BPSD, whereas classic antipsychotic drugs for their profile and the potential side effects should be avoided...