Cristina Bosetti

..Thus, the epidemic of NHL observed during the second half of the 20th century has now started to level off in Europe as in other developed areas of the world...

..Various studies have reported an inverse relation between oral contraceptive (OC) use and the risk of colorectal cancer, but the issue is still open...

..We provided estimates of the number of incident and prevalent cases of kidney and renal cell cancer in Italy overall and in various regions in 2002 and gave projections for the years 2007 and 2012...

..A role for diet in laryngeal carcinogenesis has been suggested, but only a few studies have examined the potential relationship with a wide variety of macronutrients...

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..The odds ratio was 0.33 for users of > or = 5 years, and 0.51 for > or = 5 years since first use...

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..Changes in smoking habits and alcohol drinking for men, and perhaps nutrition, diet and physical activity for both sexes, can partly or largely explain these trends...

..82 (95% CI 0.69-0.99), although the evidence is too limited to permit firm conclusions. Data are more scanty, though in the same direction, for other neoplasms, including in particular stomach and oesophageal cancer...

..A significant increased risk was found for high consumption of fried meat, fish, eggs and potatoes, with odds ratios of 1.6, 3.1, 1.9 and 1.9, respectively...

..95), flavan-3-ols (OR, 0.86), anthocyanidins (OR, 1.09), as well as for isoflavones (OR, 1.05). The findings of this large study of an inverse association between flavones and breast cancer risk confirm the results of a Greek study...

..Data and statistics on cancer mortality over the last decades are available for most developed countries, while they are more difficult to obtain, in a standardized and comparable format, for countries of Latin America...

..The present study therefore provides further evidence for a possible protective effect of prior history of allergy on cancer risk...

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..The particularly favourable trends in young people suggest that a further decline in mortality from CMM in Europe is likely to occur within the next few years...

..Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a largely curable disease and its mortality had steadily declined in western Europe since the late 1960s. Only modest declines were, however, observed in central/eastern Europe...

..CONCLUSION: HCC mortality remains largely variable across Europe. Favorable trends were observed in several European countries mainly over the last decade, particularly in women and in young adults...

..This study provides evidence that an a priori defined nutritional pattern, which includes several aspects of the Mediterranean diet, favorably affects the risk of cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract...

..Data on liver cancer incidence and prevalence in Italy are not available on a national and regional level...

..There appears to be a slight excess of liver cancer other than angiosarcoma, which is difficult to interpret and is likely due to residual misclassification of angiosarcomas...

..To quantify the current and future lung cancer epidemic in European women, trends in lung cancer mortality in women over the last four decades were analyzed, with specific focus on the young...

..In particular, the potential residual risk related to exposure over the last two to three decades remains to be defined...

..The present analysis indicates that, after taking into account duration of OC use, the OC protection from ovarian cancer persists for a long time after stopping use...

..Cancers of the upper digestive tract have long been associated with low socio-economic levels. It has however been suggested that in recent times the social gradient for these cancers is leveling off...

..Further, notwithstanding the large amount of epidemiological evidence, substantial uncertainties remain about the proper aspirin dose and duration of treatment...

..In conclusion, cessation of smoking could have an appreciable impact in reducing (squamous-cell) oesophageal cancer, and represents an obvious priority for prevention and public-health purposes...

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..Cirrhosis mortality has registered large changes over the last few decades...

..Allowance for vegetable and fruit consumption only partly explained these inverse relations. Thus, flavonoids, and particularly flavones and flavonols, may account, at least in part, for the favorable role of plant foods on RCC...

..64-1.13), 0.85 (95% CI = 0.64-1.12) for folate and 0.80 (95% CI = 0.60-1.07) for niacin. No meaningful associations emerged for lycopene (OR = 1.11). The present findings support a possible beneficial effect of vitamin E and C on RCC...

..The multivariate odds ratio was 2.46 for heavy drinkers non-smokers, and 9.38 for current smokers non-drinkers...

..Cancer mortality peaked in the European Union (EU) in the late 1980s and declined thereafter. Materials and methods: We analyzed EU cancer mortality data provided by the World Health Organization in 1970-2003, using join point analysis...

..Although some hormonal correlates of ovarian cysts may have a role on breast cancer risk, a biological explanation of this inverse association is still unclear...

..This study investigates the potential role of olive oil and other added fats used for seasoning or cooking on ovarian carcinogenesis...

..2). Our study suggests that increasing vegetables and fruit, decreasing meat consumption and perhaps substituting olive oil or specific seed oils for other types of seasoning lipids might help reduce laryngeal cancer risk...

..03 for <5 years, and 1.17 for > or =5 years) and time since first use (OR = 1.03 for <10 years, and 1.35 for > or =10 years). These findings do not support a protective role of regular aspirin use on prostate cancer risk...

..Thus, the results of the present study do not support a protective effect of flavonoids on prostate cancer in this Italian population, characterized by a high intake of flavonoid-containing foods (except isoflavone-rich foods)...

..Despite recent declines, the persistence of a wide variability in male laryngeal cancer mortality indicates that there is still ample scope for prevention of laryngeal cancer in Europe...

..Alcohol appears to be related to the risk of breast cancer and overweight is associated with post-menopausal breast cancer and is strongly related to the risk of endometrial cancer...

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..53 for the highest compared with the lowest quintile of consumption), whereas inverse associations were observed for consumption of fish (OR = 0.51), raw (OR = 0.47) and cooked vegetables (OR = 0.65), and pulses (OR = 0.77)...

..None of the associations were significant after further allowance for vitamin C, probably on account of the high collinearity between these compounds...

..The results of this study provide further indications on dietary correlates of RCC, and in particular indicate that a diet rich in refined cereals and poor in vegetables may have an unfavorable role on RCC...

..Diet diversity has been recommended to achieve a healthy diet and prevent cancer...

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..The role of diet on colorectal cancer has been considered in terms of single foods and nutrients, but less frequently in terms of dietary patterns...

..Although several studies have been conducted on the relation between dietary habits and endometrial cancer risk, the evidence for specific food groups is still controversial...

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..Further adjustment for fruit and vegetables, or vitamin C, did not materially change these associations. This is the first epidemiological study to suggest that dietary proanthocyanidins have a favorable role on gastric cancer risk...

..The difference with selected studies from North America suggests that dietary and lifestyle correlates of pizza eating vary between different populations and social groups...

..In conclusion, this study suggests that flavanone intake is inversely associated with esophageal cancer risk and may account, with vitamin C, for the protective effect of fruit, especially citrus fruit, on esophageal cancer...

..An interaction between alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking has been reported, but the issue is not adequately assessed...

..To analyze the relationship between surgically treated benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and intake of selected micronutrients...

..We therefore investigated the relation between GI and glycemic load (GL) with body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR), as a measure of body fat distribution...

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..Citrus fruit has shown a favorable effect against various cancers. To better understand their role in cancer risk, we analyzed data from a series of case-control studies conducted in Italy and Switzerland...

..Carbohydrates and dietary glycemic index (GI) influence the secretion of insulin and insulin-related growth factors and may play a role in the development of diabetes and obesity, both of which have been related to pancreatic cancer risk...

..In conclusion, the association of reproductive factors and of selected dietary habits was weaker for mucinous ovarian cancer than for other histologic types...

..69) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (OR=0.67). In conclusion, a diet poor in animal proteins and rich in sugars (mainly derived from fruit) appears to have a beneficial effect on pancreatic cancer risk...

..Fiber intake has been inversely related to stomach cancer risk, although this issue is still controversial...

..2, 95% CI 0.7-2.2). Our study adds further information on the association of family history of cancer and risk of PC and is, to our knowledge, the first comprehensive epidemiologic information on family history of cancer and risk of BPH...

..88 and 1.15. This study thus indicates that in the Italian population characterized by frequent wine consumption, wine is the beverage most strongly related to the risk of laryngeal cancer...

..The results were consistent across strata of age, alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking. This study suggests that a diet not only rich but also varied in fruit and vegetables is related to a decreased risk of laryngeal cancer risk...

..None of the trend in risk was significant. This uniquely large and comprehensive data set does not show any consistent association between intake of acrylamide and the risk of breast and several other common cancers...

..2). Our results thus provide further support to the evidence that raw vegetables and citrus fruit are inversely related to the risk of squamous cell esophageal cancer and suggest that olive oil may also reduce this risk...

..We considered some aspects of the Mediterranean diet (including, in particular, the consumption of olive oil and carbohydrates) on cancer risk...

..The multivariate odds ratio was 4.6 for heavy smokers and 2.7 for high alcohol intake. Vegetables, fruit, beta-carotene and wholegrain foods were inversely, butter and retinol directly, related to risk...

..In western countries, selected aspects of diet may account for 20-25% of oral and pharyngeal cancer, and the population attributable risk increases to 85-95% when tobacco and alcohol consumption are also considered...

..53, 95% CI = 0.30-0.93, P for trend = 0.08). The results of this study confirm a protective role of vegetables and fruit against stomach cancer and suggest a detrimental effect of (refined) cereals on this neoplasm...

..The multivariate odds ratio was 4.5 for heavy smoking and 5.4 for heavy alcohol drinking. Fruit intake, vegetable intake, oral contraceptive and HRT use were inversely related to oesophageal cancer...

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..While the present data are inconsistent with a major effect of tobacco or alcohol, a moderate association between these factors and small bowel cancer may have been obscured by the play of chance...

..In developed countries, selected aspects of diet may account for 20% to 25% of oral and pharyngeal cancers. This proportion is likely greater in selected developing countries...

..The incidence of prostate cancer in Greece could be reduced by about two-fifths if the population increased the consumption of tomatoes and reduced the intake of dairy products, and substituted olive oil for other added lipids...

..In general, the more a micronutrient was correlated to total vegetable and fruit intake, the stronger was its protective effect against oral cancer...

..A clear assessment of AMI risk among female smokers is now of major public health importance, given the large number of women who smoke...

..Thus, epidemiological data allow excluding any appreciable risk of cancer--in particular of the respiratory and the urinary tract--in carbon electrode workers...

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..CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the existence of a relation between leanness and laryngeal cancer risk. In particular, men with less abdominal fat (characterized by a lower WHR) had an increased risk of laryngeal cancer...

..This study--the first one from a population outside North America--adds relevant information on the absence of a consistent association between aspirin use and endometrial cancer risk, even in high-risk overweight and obese women...

..For squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, alcohol and tobacco also appear to increase risk synergistically. With liver cancer, in contrast, alcohol consumption and tobaacco use appear to be independent risk factors...

..Occupational exposure to formaldehyde has been associated with excess risk of nasopharyngeal and selected other cancers...

..48-0.88). CONCLUSION: This combined analysis indicates that relatively elevated fish consumption does not appreciably increase thyroid cancer risk, and may have a favorable influence in areas where iodine deficiency is, or was, common...

..11) 10 or more years after cessation of both habits...

..Although based on small numbers, due to the rarity of the disease, these findings provide the first direct epidemiological evidence of an association between HRT and gallbladder cancer...

..To study the influence of established risk factors for ovarian cancer in women with a family history of ovarian and/or breast cancer...

..64 (95% CI, 0.48-0.86) for heavy coffee drinkers. The summary RR for an increase of 1 cup/d was 0.93 (95% CI, 0.89-0.97), which suggests an inverse relation between coffee and endometrial cancer. However, the causality must be confirmed...

..82 (95% CI = 0.56-1.19) for laryngeal, 0.74 (95% CI = 0.61-0.89) for colon and 0.93 (95% CI = 0.75-1.17) for rectal cancer. Pizza appears therefore to be a favorable indicator of risk for digestive tract neoplasms in this population...

..8-1.1. We found no evidence of interaction with age, gender, alcohol and tobacco use. Our data provide reassuring evidence for the lack of an important association between consumption of fried/baked potatoes and cancer risk...

..Some further improvement in childhood cancer mortality is therefore achievable through more widespread and better adoption of currently available treatments...

..To analyse various aspects of the Mediterranean diet in relation to the risk of several common cancers in Italy...

..The Mediterranean diet is rich in fat and starch, and hence may be related to overweight. We therefore investigated the relationship between adherence to a Mediterranean diet and body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)...

..On 10 January 2005 Italy became the first large European country adopting a comprehensive smoke-free legislation. We provide information on smoking prevalence in Italy and evaluate the effects of the 2005 regulations...

..Although BPH is an extremely common condition, particularly among older men, its risk factors, including dietary ones, remain largely undefined...

..The objective of the study was to compare death rates and trends over the 1980-2003 period in all the American countries that provide data...

..Thus, preferring olive oil to other added lipids, particularly those rich in saturated fats, can decrease the risk of upper digestive and respiratory tract neoplasms, breast and, possibly, colorectal and other cancer sites...

..The risk of laryngeal cancer steadily decreased from 3 years after stopping smoking. Some decline in risk was observed only 20 years or more after stopping drinking...

..Limited information is available on the relationship between dietary patterns and breast and ovarian cancers...

..2%, 4.4%) and with still elevated BMI values (41.6 kg/m2). Although IET, compared to NET program, induced smaller reductions of blood pressure, it requires 30% daily training period and may possibly enhance long-term patient compliance...