A Evidente

..Ascosonchine, characterised as (Z)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-pyridyl)-2-propenoic acid by spectroscopic methods, showed selective herbicidal properties, that are not associated with antibacterial, antifungal or zootoxic activities...

..Production of cytochalasins by P. exigua var. exigua strains isolated from C. arvense and S. arvensis is discussed in relation to chemotaxonomy and the biocontrol potential of the fungus...

..This study represents the first report of secondary metabolites produced by D. africana. In addition, the taxonomic implications of secondary metabolites in Botryosphaeriaceae family studies are discussed...

..These findings may be useful in designing novel compounds for practical applications in agriculture...

..An alternative control method is the induction of suicidal seed germination with natural substances isolated from root exudates of host and non-host plants...

..Assayed on a nonhost plant, diplobifuranylones A and B did not show phytotoxic activity. In an Artemia salina larvae lethality bioassay neither 1 nor 2 was toxic at the highest concentration tested (300 microg/mL)...

..This is the first report about the production of ophiobolins from D. gigantea and of the proposed use as potential natural herbicides against grass weeds...

..Taste neurons sensitive to these compounds, particularly to bislongiquinolide, were located on tarsi of the S. graminum alate morphs...

..Hence, papyracillic acid and its analogues have potential as nonselective herbicides of natural origin. Some structure-activity relationship observations for papyracillic acid and its derivatives were also made...

..On a nonhost plant, tomato, biscopyran caused wilting. Phenylacetic acid, assayed at the same concentration, was toxic to Q. suber, while on tomato cuttings it induced internal tissue collapse on the stem...

..Its original chemical structure and the interesting biological properties make drazepinone a potential natural herbicide...

..By using HPTLC technique we also carried out a comparative study of the relative and total alkaloidal content at two different stages of plant growth. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of the isolated alkaloids was assayed...

..These activities appear related to the presence of both pyridione and oxiran rings. Also the carbonyl group of the side chain seems to play a role into impart activity...

..It showed inhibitor effect on mycelial growth of S. rolfsii and its minimum inhibitory concentration (over 90% inhibition) was found to be 396 mug/mL. This is the first time that viridenepoxydiol was reported...

..They were characterized using essentially spectroscopic methods. It is noteworthy that D. gigantea produces such a plethora of bioactive organic substances. Some structure-activity relationship results are also discussed in this report...

..Although flufuran appears to be identical to a fungal metabolite isolated previously from some Polyporus spp., its interesting antifungal activity has never been reported before...

..The anti-invasive activity of buphanamine is particularly promising because this alkaloid is not toxic to cells even at much higher doses. This work has resulted in the identification of several novel leads for anticancer drug design...

..arvense. Only stagonolide H inhibited chicory seedling root growth. The most potent toxin, stagonolide H, indicated selectivity when tested on leaves of eight different plants: Canada thistle was most sensitive to the compound...

..The pure metabolites influenced the feeding preference of S. graminum restraining individuals from feeding on wheat leaves dipped in 5% aqueous methanol solution containing 0.57 mg/mL of citrantifidiene or 0.91 mg/mL of citrantifidiol...

..These results further support the focused approach of finding novel metabolites with herbicidal properties by looking at the culture extracts of weed fungal pathogens...

..Stagonolide (1) and stagonolide C (3) were weakly toxic to Colpoda steinii, a protozoan, when tested at 0.05 mg/mL, with the other stagonolides nontoxic. A number of structure-activity relationship observations were made...

..crenata seed germination, respectively. The most active metabolite is a new monosubstituted trioxazonane, characterized by spectroscopic methods as the 2-butyl-[1,4,7,2]trioxazonane and named trigoxazonane...

..This finding could be useful in devising new natural fungicides for practical application in agriculture...

..The most productive strain synthesised more than 8 mg/L when grown for 8 weeks in static conditions...

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..None of the assayed nonenolides showed antifungal activity, whereas pinolidoxin analogs and derivatives showed high to weak zootoxicity...

..This is the first report on trans-4-aminoproline as naturally occurring compound and phytotoxic metabolite produced by A. caulina...

..The chemical characterisation of the third toxin purified from A. caulina culture filtrates is also reported...

..Diplopyrone assayed at a 0.01-0.1 mg/mL concentration range caused necrosis and wilting on cork oak cuttings. On a nonhost plant, tomato, diplopyrone caused brown discoloration or stewing on the stem...

..Symptoms appeared in a period of time (6 days after toxin-treatment) shorter than that for sphaeropsidin A. Sphaeropsidin E assayed at 0.2 mg ml(-1) did not produce any symptom on the same cypress species tested with sphaeropsidin D...

..The possibility of using these metabolites in biological control strategies is discussed...

..The importance of determining the absolute configuration to achieve the total synthesis of some phytotoxins, interesting for their potential practical application, is also discussed...

..On brine shrimp, at the same concentration, only Z5 had a minor effect, with 20% mortality, whereas the other two metabolites proved to be inactive...

..rolfsii, and its minimum inhibitory concentration (over 90% inhibition) was found to be 196 microg/mL. This is the first report of viridepyronone produced by any species of fungi...

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..nygamai and F. udum. Fusaric acid has been isolated and identified from a strain of F. udum for the first time...

..The structure was obtained both with NMR and MS methodologies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of 3-hydroxylated non-2-ulosonic acid...

..As characterized by spectroscopic methods, peapolyphenols A-C proved to be differently functionalized polyphenols with hydroxy and methoxy groups on both the aromatic rings and the propyl chain...

..The nature of the newly formed GAs will be further investigated, because they may represent new metabolites that can be used against pest and diseases, or are useful for human health...

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..novel tetrasaccharide repeating unit built up of two units of 2-acetamido-2,6-di-deoxy-glucopyranose (Quinovosamine, QuipNAc) and two units of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-gulopyranuronamide (GulpNAcAN), one of which is acetylated at C-3 position:..

..Hence, alternethanoxins A and B have potential as nonselective natural herbicides. Some structure-activity relationship observations were also made...

..All the trichothecenes proved to be potent inhibitors of O. ramosa seed germination and possess strong zootoxic activity when assayed on Artemia salina brine shrimps. Verrucarin E is inactive on both seed germination and zootoxic assay...

..The present review fills this gap in the literature and discusses both natural and synthetic phenazines with a critical focus on in vitro, in vivo and available clinical anti-cancer activities of these compounds...

..Both fractions possess immunological activity, being able to induce the production of either tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) or nitrite (NO2-)...

..A brief discussion is given on the economical and ecological aspects regarding the production of hydroxytyrosol...

..savastanoi in young and apparently intact olive knots. By means of compositional and methylation analyses, and NMR spectroscopy, the chemical repeating unit of the polymer was identified as a linear tetrasaccharide of the structure:..

..bulbocastanum and its somatic hybrids was ascertained by chemical degradation and spectroscopic analysis of their aglycones and sugar moieties. Our results suggest their close relation with GAs of both wild and cultivated potato species...

..commersonii-resistant genotypes, which could be involved in the plant-pathogen incompatible reaction. Furthermore, a specific EST collection of the Ralstonia-potato interaction has been built up...

..Interestingly, the pentacyl lipid A is lacking a primary fatty acid, namely the C10:0 (3-OH) at position C-3'. The potential biological meaning of this peculiar lipid A is also discussed...

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..The structure-activity relationships of these toxins are discussed...

..carbohydrate structure: see text]..

..cinerea and at high concentration (25-50 microg/mL). None of the compounds 1-10 inhibited the growth of the biocontrol yeasts Pichia guilliermondii and Rhodotorula glutinis at the highest concentration tested (50 microg/mL)...

..The most sensitive species appeared to be O. aegyptica, O. cumana, O. minor, and to a lesser extent, O. ramosa...

..Structure I All sugars are pyranoses and alpha-linked, if not stated otherwise. Hep is l-glycero-d-manno-heptose, Kdo is 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid...

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..Significantly, these series provide rare examples of simple aromatic conduritol and inositol analogues and, therefore, this study expands the chemistry and biology of these important classes of compounds...

..A comparison of advantages and limitations of the two methods of analysis is also presented...

..These results suggest that bacteriocin from P. syringae pv. ciccaronei can be used effectively to control the survival of the causal agent of olive knot disease and to prevent its multiplication at inoculation sites...

..5 ng/g of grape; three experiments), were obtained with the application of either 100 or 50 mug/ml of FP (0.6 or 5.1 ng/g of grape, respectively)...

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..This strongly indicates that the ACs previously assigned to these compounds in the literature are not correct and that the TDDFT prediction of OR values has become by now a practicable tool for AC assignments...

..reactans lack WLIP production suggests that WLIP may play an important role in the interaction of the producing bacterium P. reactans and cultivated mushrooms...

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..By means of chemical analyses and NMR spectroscopy, the repeating unit of the polymer was shown to be a linear tetrasaccharide with the structure. [carbohydrates: see text]...

..The possibility that specific EPSs could act as signals in the plant-pathogenic bacteria interaction is discussed...

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..This method, based on a combination of computational techniques and NMR spectroscopy, uses ab initio calculations to predict a set of theoretical homo- and heteronuclear J values which can be compared against experimental NMR data...