Maria Rescigno

..If dysregulated, this immunomodulatory function of epithelial cells might contribute to the development of intestinal inflammation...

..Hence specialized functions are associated to different subsets of antigen presenting cells and different organs...

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..DC either do not express TLR or they express them but respond in a non-inflammatory mode. In this commentary, these findings are discussed in the context of available knowledge on lamina propria DC...

..Understanding how tolerance is achieved at mucosal sites may thus be exploited to re-establish tissue homeostasis...

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..Gut lamina propria dendritic cell (DC) subsets have specialized functions. In this issue of Immunity, Varol et al. (2009) and Bogunovic et al. (2009) describe the different blood precursors for CD103(+) and CD103(-) DC subsets...

..In this review we will analyze how the microflora interacts with the host and how deregulation of this interaction can lead to inflammatory disorders and eventually also to cancer...

..The interaction between these cell types is required for the dynamic regulation of the immune response...

..These proteins are involved in recognizing bacterial components or their degradation constituents that are delivered within the cytoplasm. In this review we will analyze the role of NOD proteins in regulating immune homeostasis...

..This Viewpoint analyzes the potential use of DC for induction of antigen-specific tolerance in autoimmune disease settings...

..Here, we summarize the characteristics of two major subtypes of phagocytes in the gut (CX3CR1(+) and CD103(+)) and pDCs and analyze their possible involvement in bacterial handling...

..IDO-expressing DCs sustain and differentiate Tregs. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and the possible physiological role of IDO in the tolerogenic properties of intestinal DCs...

..typhimurium immunity. This highlights a new function of matricellular proteins in bacterial infection and suggests that initial containment of bacteria can have drawbacks...

..These results suggest that ECs are not simply a barrier to bacteria entering via the oral route, but they actively influence the activating properties of DCs...

..This control of immune responses seemed to be lost in patients with Crohn disease. Thus, the intimate interplay between intestinal epithelial cells and dendritic cells may help to maintain gut immune homeostasis...

..In conclusion, we exploited an antimicrobial response present in tumor cells to activate cytotoxic CD8 T cells specific for tumor-generated peptides that could directly recognize and kill tumor cells...

..In this report we analyzed the immunological activity of three strains of Lactobacillus to predict their in vivo efficacy in protecting against experimental colitis...

..These observations might offer novel therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of certain immunological disorders...

..This may be due to the lack of reliable preclinical models for testing the efficacy of different strains...

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..We demonstrate that Salmonella-based therapy coupled to low-dose radiotherapy dampens tumor immune escape mechanisms at different levels and allows controlling systemic disease in a CD8+ T cell-dependent manner...

..NOD2 is an intracellular receptor of muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a component of peptidoglycan present in the cell wall of gram-positive (G+) and gram-negative (G-) bacteria...

..We used the new set-up to test three different Lactobacilli strains, none of which appeared to be benign on inflamed IBD mucosa...

..These findings support the idea that, in the Rip1Tag2 tumor model, abrogation of JAM-A reduces cancer development by increasing antitumor immune response...

..This is effective in retarding the growth of untreated established distant tumors and in protecting the mice from subsequent tumor challenges...

..Yet, Eps8 is not necessary for antigen uptake, processing, and presentation. Thus, we have identified Eps8 as a unique actin capping protein specifically required for DC migration...

..In this issue of Immunity, it has been found that a distinct subset of CCR6-expressing dendritic cells are absolutely required to activate anti-Salmonella-specific T cells...

..Differential epithelial cell (EC) responses to commensals and pathogens may control these two tolorogenic and immunogenic functions of DCs...

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..In this review, we seek to collect the state-of-the-art knowledge about how host and microbiota interact to promote gut homeostasis and provide evidences of malfunctioning of the described mechanisms in human inflammatory bowel disease...

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..In conclusion, epithelial cells are not simply a barrier to bacteria entering via the oral route, but actively influence the activating properties of bystander DC...

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..Neoglycopeptides 1--3 could be presented to and recognized by the T cell receptor; neoglycopeptide 3, bearing two B-epitopes, was presented to the TCR with higher efficiency, compared to neoglycopeptide 2, having only one B-epitope...

..Together, our results suggest that the initial release of HMGB1 triggers a TLR4-dependent inflammatory response that leads to tumour development...

..Here, we review how various functions of DCs depend on microbial stimuli and how these stimuli influence the course of immune activation...

..We will review the key points for effective active immunotherapies and combination therapies, giving an update on the most promising vaccines developed in NSCLC...

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..This compartmentalization could allow the fast generation of both mucosal and systemic acquired immunity to pathogens...

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..This report briefly summarizes some of the highlights and themes of this session...

..These interactions can determine the success or failure of the immune response induced against pathogens...

..Here we discuss the role of intestinal IgA in host-commensal mutualism, immune protection, and tolerance and summarize recent advances on the role of innate immune cells in intestinal IgA production...

..Thus, mucosal vaccines should activate IECs to induce more effective IgA(2) responses...

..However, the bacteria killing property of BM-Mphi is completely restored by pretreating the cells with IFN-gamma. Hence, TLR4 plays different roles in DC versus Mphi...

..Junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) is localized at the tight junctions and controls leukocyte migration into the tissues. However, its functional role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is unexplored...

..Collectively, these findings support a model in which epithelial cell TLR signaling upon exposure to microbial stimuli induces active DC sampling of the gut lumen at sites distant from organized lymphoid tissues...

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..The general concepts of noninvasive imaging of targeted cells as well as the technology and probes applied to cell-mediated cancer immunotherapy imaging are outlined in this review...