A Albanese

..The absolute and comparative efficacy and tolerability of drugs in dystonia, including anticholinergic and antidopaminergic drugs, is poorly documented and no evidence-based recommendations can be made to guide prescribing...

..To review the clinical characteristics and the long-term outcome of patients with hemifacial spasm (HFS) who received botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) over the past 10 years...

..Expert opinion: Because dystonia can vary in clinical presentation and etiology, proper diagnosis and classification of these disorders are important in making therapeutic decisions...

..This review considers the recent literature pertaining to the clinical features, genetics, neuropathology and treatment of dystonia syndromes...

..More evidence on the effects of DBS on non-motor symptoms is needed and specifically designed studies are warranted...

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..This clinical algorithm may be enhanced by adding diagnostic tools for dystonia, once their diagnostic value is assessed...

..DBS is less effective in secondary dystonia. This treatment requires a specialized expertise and a multidisciplinary team...

..Cognition was unaffected. The clinical picture was remarkably similar in all patients; no relevant family-related differences were found. PARK6 disease is a new form of early-onset parkinsonism without other atypical clinical features...

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..To assess the long-term cognitive and behavioural outcome after bilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in patients affected by Parkinson's disease, with a 5-year follow-up after surgery...

..The use of GNRs improves the selectivity of welding and minimizes the surgical trauma to vessels, resulting in an optimal healing process...

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..The improvement of daily living activities outweighs by far the motor benefit, indicating that the use of this procedure significantly improves the patients' lifestyle...

..Substantial breakthrough in the laser welding of biological tissues may come from the advent of nanotechnologies. Herein we describe the present status and the future perspectives in laser welding of vascular structures...

..These indications provide a new promising palette of indications for future usage of BoNT in clinical practice...

..5 +/- 13.4 years). Familial cases were characterized by more sites involved throughout disease course. Familial cases had a higher tendency to progress to a segmental or generalized form than sporadic cases...

..With the appropriate indication and setting, acute challenge tests are useful in diagnosis and therapy of Parkinson's disease and related disorders...

..A more precise method of toxin injections under transrectal ultrasonography accounts for the high success rate. Repeated injections may be necessary to maintain the clinical improvement...

..5 cM on the short arm of chromosome 1. This region contains a novel locus for autosomal recessive early-onset parkinsonism, PARK6. A maximum LOD score 4.01 at recombination fraction .00 was obtained for marker D1S199...

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..Given the occurrence of confounding factors, along with specific genetic and laboratory test, it is of great importance to apply a specific algorithm to recognize the clinical signs of dystonia...

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..To compare the clinical characteristics and the long-term outcome of a large series of patients with blepharospasm (BS) treated with the two most used brands of BoNT-A over the last 15 years...

..Epileptic seizures account for 24-40% of all clinical onsets in patients with brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs)...

..4% (p < 0.001). The most common long-lasting adverse events were hypophonia and dysarthria; transient events were increased sexuality and mania. The surgical procedure induced transient intraoperative psychosis in seven patients...

..This study was designed to examine whether distinct cognitive, behavioral, and personality features are related to this asymmetry...

..After a follow-up of 30 days, all the bypasses were patent and no signs of thrombosis or leak point pressure were present, thus confirming the safety of this laser-assisted anastomotic procedure...

..Atypical parkinsonism patients also reported a low QoL, with no significant differences among the different forms, whereas PD and VP patients had a better QoL...

..These results provide further evidence of an association between DRD5 and cervical dystonia, supporting the involvement of the dopamine pathway in the pathogenesis of CD...

..The diagnostic criteria used in current practice are by no means satisfactory, but cannot yet be replaced by new comprehensive criteria based on laboratory evidence...

..Results obtained by continuous stimulation show a mean improvement of UPDRS of about 60% and a significant reduction in the drug intake...

..The progressive growth of the haematoma may explain the long clinical history of these patients and surgical treatment, even if delayed, permits an excel-lent clinical outcome...

..It acts by blocking the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. In the stomach, propulsive contractions of the antrum are necessary for the gastric contents to pass into the duodenum...

..The primary purpose of this study was to assess the microstructural damage to cerebral white matter occurring in idiopathic PD...

..02). Our data suggest that use of vancomycin as prophylactic agent for cerebrospinal shunt placement reduces the rate of shunt infections in the context of high prevalence of MRSA...

..Further studies are necessary to compare DHEC to new dopamine agonists (pergolide, cabergoline, ropinirole, and pramipexole) which have been more recently marketed...

..Botulinum neurotoxin induces healing in patients with idiopathic fissure. The optimal dosage is not well established...

..A genome-wide search performed in the family identified a novel PTD locus (DYT13) within a 22-cM interval on the short arm of chromosome 1, with a maximum lod score of 3.44 (theta = 0) between the disease and marker D1S2667...

..We conclude that DBS of the STN in PD, besides inducing a clinical improvement, induces several non-motor effects...

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..When comparing patients who exhibited AEs with those who did not, it was found that in the STN DBS group, the patients with AEs had a longer disease duration, as well as more gait disorders and psychiatric disturbances at baseline...

..FD, unresponsive to bilateral pallidal stimulation, has been relieved by EDMS. In SH reduction of spasticiy by EMCS allows improvement of the motor function...

..In HD, disease course and symptomatology are heterogeneous and negative psychiatric symptoms are common...

..The determination of the smallest region of homozygosity in one consanguineous family allowed reducing the candidate interval to 9 cM. PARK6 appears to be an important locus for ARJP in Europe...

..Our aim was to investigate whether the DYT1 mutation impairs the inner simulation of movements, a fundamental function for motor planning and execution, which relies upon cortical and subcortical systems, dysfunctional in dystonia...

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..Resolution of the pituitary mass and symptoms occurred with thyroxine therapy. It is mandatory to rule out primary hypothyroidism as a cause of pituitary enlargement before surgery is considered...

..Our observations, together with follow-up studies, even up to school age, confirm that DEHSI has a clinical significance and cannot be considered as a simple indicator of delayed WM maturation...

..Only nine patients could be classified as classic or atypical PKAN, and intermediate phenotypes are described. Two patients presented with motor tics and obsessive-compulsive behavior suggestive of Tourette syndrome...