Luigi Bartalena

..Antioxidants might have a role, at least in mild forms of GO. Particular attention should be paid to correction of risk factors (cigarette smoking, thyroid dysfunction, radioiodine therapy) involved in GO progression...

..It currently seems unlikely that they may find a relevant place in the limited armamentarium available for the management of severe GO...

..The authors' preference goes to the former, because it depletes intrathyroidal autoreactive T lymphocytes and removes thyroid antigens, which are likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune reactions of the ophthalmopathy...

..Cessation of smoking currently represents the only form of GO (secondary and tertiary) prevention...

..To determine how expert European thyroidologists assess and treat amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT)...

..Neither one has clear advantages in terms of outcome but the latter method is associated with more frequent side effects. Hyperthyroidism relapses in approximately 50% of patients, to whom ablative therapy should be offered...

..It is recommended that a large, multi-center, prospective, randomized and controlled study with well defined inclusion criteria be carried out to draw sound conclusions on the role of OR in the management of Graves' ophthalmopathy...

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..g., in patients with diabetes) is a contraindication to this treatment for the risk of further retinal damage. No case of radiation-induced tumors has so far been described after orbital radiotherapy for Graves' ophthalmopathy...

..A coordinated approach to the treatment of hyperthyroidism and TED is also required. Novel promising treatments, to be verified in large series of patients, include somatostatin analogues and cytokine antagonists...

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..2 mg/kg bw) are as effective as previously reported doses (0.3-0.5 mg/kg bw). A shorter treatment period (6 wk) is probably sufficient. The increase in bw is less using lower doses of prednisone...

..Total thyroid ablation (TTA) may be beneficial for GO through removal of shared antigen(s) and autoreactive T-lymphocytes, but randomized studies are lacking...

..To investigate how North American thyroidologists assess and treat amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) and to compare the results with those of the same questionnaire-based survey previously carried out among European thyroidologists...

..Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) resulting from destructive thyroiditis (type 2) is commonly treated with glucocorticoids, but time needed to restore euthyroidism may be unacceptable for patients with underlying cardiac disorders...

..However, randomized, controlled clinical trials to support their use are warranted...

..Moreover, a few experimental studies show that peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs), which may be altered in hypothyroidism, seem to be related with pain perception...

..RAI is usually not feasible in AIT due to low RAI uptake values. Thyroidectomy represents a valid option in cases resistant to medical therapy...

..The aim of the current study was to evaluate the time interval (TI) required for the diagnosis of symptomatic papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC)...

..We discuss the special ethical and legal issues that this thyroid surgery raises. Searches were last updated in May 2007...

..We discuss the particular ethical and legal issues that thyroid prophylactic surgery raises. Searches were last updated in February 2007...

..To investigate the relationship between nodule size and malignancy and the correlation between the dimensional parameter and fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in patients with a nodular goiter...

..Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) have always been considered different from each other; in their incidence, their cell origin and their histopathological features...

..Whether antithyroid drugs (ATDs), radioactive iodine (RAI), or thyroidectomy should be the treatment of choice in the presence of overt and active GO is a matter of debate...

..Although no secondary tumors were detected, due to the long latency of radiation-induced tumors, OR should be restricted to patients older than 35 yr...

..If radioiodine is used, low-dose steroid prophylaxis is recommended, particularly in smokers, to prevent radioiodine-associated GO progression...

..The use of biological agents, the most promising being rituximab, is for the time being experimental and warrants support from randomized clinical trials...

..High-dose glucocorticoids (GCs) represent the first-line treatment. Orbital radiotherapy (OR) has been used for decades, alone or in combination with GCs, but opinions on its efficacy are conflicting...

..The present results document the existence of a correlation between thyroid status and oxidative metabolism of human PMNs, which is however unlikely to depend upon a direct action of thyroid hormones on these cells...

..The results of this pilot study suggest an increased prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in patients with unDVT. The clinical relevance of these preliminary findings needs to be addressed in larger prospective studies...

..This paper reviews relevant medical literature published in the English language on surgery of lymph nodes in differentiated thyroid cancer with well-controlled trials. Searches were last updated in June 2006...

..Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma is the master regulator of adipogenesis; however, the expression of PPARgamma isoforms in the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) of patients with Cushing's disease is unknown...

..None had increased surgical bleeding, recurrent nerve palsy, or hypoparathyroidism. No cardiovascular complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Iopanoic acid is an effective drug allowing rapid control of hyperthyroidism in AIT...

..221 +/- 111 d, respectively, P < 0.002). This study shows that, albeit both drugs are effective, glucocorticoids are probably the drug of choice for more rapidly curing type II AIT...

..Accordingly, a short course of lithium therapy can be considered a useful adjunct to RAI therapy to obtain a prompter control of thyrotoxicosis and avoid its transient exacerbation because of MMI withdrawal and RAI administration...

..To determine whether acromegalic patients have increased thyroidal vascularity and blood flow on colour flow Doppler sonography (CFDS)...

..To assess diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) among members of the Latin American Thyroid Society (LATS)...

..The objective of this study is to describe a technique for balanced orbital decompression and to analyze the results...

..Type 2 AIT is a destructive thyroiditis, responds to glucocorticoids, and usually does not require further thyroid treatment once euthyroidism has been restored...

..Thyrotropin (TSH)-secreting pituitary adenoma (TSHoma) and resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) are two forms of inappropriate TSH secretion. Thyroid blood flow is largely TSH dependent...

..03). In conclusion, patients with active Acro have a reduced expression of PPARgamma in the colonic mucosa, which appears be related to the increased serum IGF-I levels and might lead to an increased prevalence of colonic polyps...

..This study demonstrated a direct effect of GH on key proteins involved in energy metabolism of acromegalic hearts...

..Circulating antipituitary antibodies (APA) are markers of autoimmune hypophysitis, which may cause deficient pituitary function. The prevalence of APA in autoimmune thyroid disorders (AITD) is uncertain...

..We aimed to assess the diagnostic effect of galectin-3 expression analysis in distinguishing preoperatively benign from malignant follicular thyroid nodules when FNA findings were indeterminate...

..GH and IGF-1 decrease apoptosis in several cell lines including human colonic adenocarcinoma, but it is unknown whether epithelial cells of colonic mucosa of patients with acromegaly have reduced apoptosis...

..Smoking withdrawal may increase the effectiveness of immunosuppressive treatment...