C Agostoni

..In infants with late symptoms the lack of rapid WA and WL increase found among uninfected patients may be viewed as an early anthropometric indicator of HIV status...

..Within the population of this study, a weak positive association has been found between plasma LCPUFAs at diagnosis (higher in breastfed infants) and neurodevelopmental indices through the first year of life...

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..Epidemiologic data show that episodes of rapid growth (growth acceleration hypothesis), whichever the dietary habits, are associated with later unfavorable health conditions and should be prevented...

..We explore the hypothesis that dietary fats consumed in the 6-24-month period might have later effects on non-communicable disorders and health...

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..The aim of this study was to assess the growth pattern of AD infants during the first 12 months of life in comparison to healthy infants, according to the early type of feeding (breastfed or nonbreastfed)...

..59, P=0.001). Prolonging breastfeeding during the weaning process may result in a better developmental performance at 12 months, possibly due to the supply of fats affecting brain composition...

..No changes of AA levels were observed. Blood lipid levels did not significantly change. A balanced supplementation with LCPUFA in treated HPA children may improve the DHA status without adversely affecting the AA status...

..Nevertheless, DHA supplementation during the complementary feeding period seems to be effective in improving neurofunctional and visual performance...

..To investigate the relation between maternal smoking habits, plasma lipids and milk fatty acid (FA) content and composition...

..Infants in developing countries require early dietary interventions to prevent nutritional deficiencies, above all protein, energy, iron and zinc. To what extent these interventions may affect the fatty acid (FA) status is still unknown...

..Although in the LCPUFA group blood DHA levels and P100 wave latency improved at the end of supplementation, they had returned to baseline after three years...

..Previous short observational studies on the free amino acid (FAA) content of human milk have shown that glutamine and glutamic acid increase in the first 4 to 6 weeks of life...

..It is not known whether this early modification can be maintained and whether it influences the later development of cardiovascular disorders...

..To compare the growth patterns of breast fed and formula fed Italian infants in the first 12 months of life using World Health Organisation (WHO) reference data...

..Compared to age-matched seroreverter subjects, HIV-seropositive children show a lipid fatty acid status suggestive of relative LA deficiency and increased turnover of the PUFA series...

..CONCLUSION: The fat composition of arbitrarily chosen human milk is not always the best standard for that in infant formula...

..To compare the concentration of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and free amino acids (FAA) in powdered and liquid commercial formulas with that in human milk...

..These data indicate that the secretion of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid during lactation remains constant, in spite of changes in total fat and in the linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid contents of milk...

..55, P = 0.002). Thus, prolonged breast-feeding during the weaning process may result in a better developmental performance at 12 months, possibly due to the supply of fats contributing energy and/or affecting brain composition...

..To assess the growth curves of uninfected infants born to type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) seropositive mothers by means of standardised anthropometric indices...

..To examine the influence of the macronutrient intake in early life on the development of overweight in children...

..This information may be useful for the evaluation of infant intakes during extended lactation...

..Many short-term trials have been published but long-term follow-up data are needed in infants who have been fed the newer infant formulae, to fully understand the role of bioactive nutrients...

..The effect of impairment was no longer evident after controlling for the plasma level of LC-PUFAs as found in the infant a few days after birth...

..To study the effects of maternal smoking on the status of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) in infants' whole-blood lipids...

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..How much protein (as a percentage of total calorie intake) is safe?..

..New strategies, such as tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) supplementation, need to be evaluated with regard to safety, efficacy and expected outcomes in specific types of HPA...

..35), and consumption of fibres, proteins, fruit, legumes and carrots. No significant association was found of GL or OGI with BMI or insulin sensitivity. In healthy children, GL and OGI may represent a useful indicator of quality of diet...

..The results of this study suggest that vertically acquired HCV infection has a benign course in children, despite the presence of viraemia and persistent alterations in ALT levels...

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..We also propose a new breakfast type for children and adolescents that is based on chocolate hazelnut spread within a mixed breakfast type in order to reinforce positive experiences...

..To investigate infant feeding practices through the first year of life in Italy, and to identify factors associated with the duration of breastfeeding and early introduction of solid foods...

..The purpose of this clinical report is to review current evidence on the use of probiotics in a variety of gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal conditions...

..More than 30 varieties of follow-on formula milk are currently available in Italy alone. This review outlines the nutritional differences between breast, formula and cows' milks, and compares different brands of formula milk...

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..Our results show that in Italy a fairly high percentage of mothers start breast-feeding and that both maternal factors (history and habits) and good information may support its duration...

..The potential generation of hydroxy radicals from the new molecules added to formulas point out also the protective role of antioxidant molecules such as selenium in infant nutrition...

..Asthma was less frequent in the PKU group than in the control group (5/58 vs 14/58, z = 2.09, p < 0.05). Thus, diet appeared to prevent the development of immunoallergic signs and symptoms...

..To assess and compare the rates of initiation and duration of breastfeeding in Italy in 1995 and 1999, and to examine the adherence to the ten steps to successful breastfeeding recommended by WHO...

..Conclusion: In our opinion, it seems that the protective effect of human milk, if any, on adiposity development is far more complex, and tightly bound to the peculiarity of human milk composition and breastfeeding practice...

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..The ingestion of raised numbers of E. sakazakii resulting from storage at room temperature after reconstitution is highlighted as well as the uncertain routes of E. sakazakii product contamination...

..These complementary aspects are challenges for the paediatric nutrition researcher today...

..None of the patients showed any new HIV-1-related symptoms at follow-up. LF might be a useful addition to ARV therapy, but further large-scale studies are required...

..However, we need more data on the long-term follow-up of infants who were fed the new formulas. Such data will allow to look at neural performance, prevention of overweight and obesity, and effects on the immune-allergic pattern...

..Conclusion: When referring to optimal "standard" dietary intakes for infants, the complex interactions between genetics and environment should be considered in interpreting observations from different settings...

..These recommendations are based on a considered review of available scientific reports on the subject, and on expert consensus for which the available scientific data are considered inadequate...

..The diagnosis may be considered in all subjects with atypical combined hyperlipidaemia (usually dominant in transmission or related to metabolic syndrome) and atypical 'fatty liver disease', in the absence of overweight...

..The natural killer cell activity of patients treated with miocamycin was increased on days 7 and 10 of therapy compared with baseline. This finding did not occur in patients treated with amoxycillin...

..001). No differences were detected between groups for secondary outcomes. Despite a decrease of the AA/DHA ratio, DHA supplementation for one year did not induce any significant biochemical and clinical improvement in CF patients...

..To examine whether the plasma levels of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are associated with the degree of obesity in children...

..These differences might have a role in determining the biochemical environment leading to the neural and vascular complications associated with IUGR...

..04) in blood. A high consumption of pasta coupled with a low intake of red meat may be marker of a food behaviour and/or lifestyle associated with a more favourable pattern of circulating FA and hematochemical metabolic markers...

..8 vs 3.3 months), and lower rate of introduction of formula within 1 month (23% vs 30%). Hospitals need to be compliant with the WHO's steps, and Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiatives should be promoted...

..DHA status in turn, independent of diet, may influence the maturation of the visual system in infants with PKU...

..The medium- and long-term effects need to be extensively explored, and any type of association recorded to check the safety of dietary supplements, considering their overconsumption, starting at early ages, in western countries...

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..Dietary LC-PUFA supply should continue after the first six months of life, but currently there is not sufficient information for quantitative recommendations...

..81 (-1.52 to -0.10) days. While long-term consumption of fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei may improve the health status of children with allergic rhinitis no effect was found in asthmatic children...

..Infants and young children receiving a vegetarian diet should receive a sufficient amount ( approximately 500 mL) of breast milk or formula and dairy products. Infants and young children should not be fed a vegan diet...

..001). Term SGA had significantly lower levels of total monounsaturated FA and higher levels of eicosapentaenoic acid. Therefore, the 4-d whole blood FA pattern is associated with both GA and birth weight...

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..To study the effect of breastfeeding (BF) on growth, lung function and number of infections during the first 3 years of life in children with cystic fibrosis (CF)...

..The use of casein- and rice-based hydrolyzed formulas resulted in higher changes in WA compared with soy formula. Further research should be aimed at optimizing the dietary needs and feeding regimens for infants with CMA...

..Maternal smoking may impair DHA synthesis which may contribute to reduced fetal growth...

..Breastfeeding and human milk quality together could help to prevent some of the neurological and metabolic sequelae of being born growth retarded...

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..At the present time, therefore, the Committee takes the view that no general recommendation on the use of oligosaccharide supplementation in infancy as a prophylactic or therapeutic measure can be made...

..There are insufficient data on status to be able to be able to draw any conclusions about the nutritional quality of the diets of European children and adolescents...

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..The data indicate that exposure to cigarette smoke negatively affects the synthesis of n-3 LC-PUFA from the precursor in mammary gland cells...

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..The available data do not allow general conclusions to be drawn on the use and effects of fermented formulae for infants...

..To assess the relationship between dietary intakes, plasma phospholipid (PL) fatty acid profile and clinical parameters in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) in comparison to healthy controls...

..005), 2.1 [0.9] versus 2.6 [0.9] % (p = 0.032) and 4.8 [1.2] versus 4.2 [0.7] (p = 0.017). Pro12Ala may be associated with higher insulin sensitivity and higher LCPUFAs, particularly n-3, levels in plasma phosholipids of obese children...

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..In planning interventions, the coverage of infants' dietary needs through all the various world regions should be considered together with the opportunity not to exceed higher limits...

..Continued growth monitoring is required to adapt feeding choices to the needs of individual infants and to avoid underfeeding or overfeeding...

..This gene-related response to dietary habits might play a role also in non-PKU individuals fed low-fat, low-cholesterol diets...