Timothy Dinan

..To achieve this goal, physicians need a more effective, faster acting, safer, and better tolerated drug than the many existing GAD treatments...

..g. risperidone, 9-hydroxy-risperidone and amisulpride). Antipsychotics that easily cross the blood-brain barrier and exhibit fast dissociation from the dopamine receptor once bound do not result in sustained hyperprolactinaemia...

..It is however clear that the gut microbiota must be taken into account when considering the factors regulating the HPA...

..In this study, we investigated tryptophan degradation in a male IBS cohort (n = 10) and control subjects (n = 26)...

..Antipsychotic drugs have been implicated in the development of diabetes, but as non-medicated patients with schizophrenia have high rates of diabetes it is likely that factors other than medication are involved...

..In conclusion altered central serotonin responses are found in both IBS and in an animal model...

..The findings of this study provide further support for the view that major depression is associated with a pro-inflammatory phenotype which at least partially persists when patients become normothymic...

..To provide a critical update of the literature linking depression and inflammation, together with possible underlying mechanisms and longer term risk of cardiovascular disease...

..The primary aim of this study was to examine the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with IBS and to relate such response to plasma cytokine profiles...

..By contrast, vasopressin V3 receptors on the anterior pituitary show enhanced response to AVP stimulation and this enhancement plays a key role in maintaining HPA overactivity...

..It will require a considerable advance in smart technologies to deliver either mimics or antagomirs to the appropriate site of action, but the development of selective small conventional molecules may negate this requirement...

..We conclude that applying epigenetic methodology to this common and disabling disorder may help unravel its complex pathophysiology and lead to more effective treatments...

..However, these findings are preliminary and further investigation into the precise mechanisms involved, is warranted...

..Furthermore, the sexually dimorphic effects of maternal separation on these neuropeptides indicate that gender is an important factor influencing the trajectory of early life stress effects on CRF and AVP systems in the brain...

..We suggest that future antidepressants may target the vasopressinergic system...

..Accumulating evidence suggest that stress, especially in early life, is a predisposing factor to IBS...

..This makes the identification of the neurobiological substrates that are affected by adverse experiences in early life invaluable...

..To systematically examine mucosal biopsies for differences in cytokine gene expression and protein secretion...

..We tested the hypothesis that the pro-inflammatory cytokine profile in IBS is driven by the cholinergic system and determined if the responses are mediated by muscarinic receptors...

..Together, our data identifies a novel proinflammatory mechanism in irritable bowel syndrome and also suggests that elevated arachidonic acid levels in plasma may serve as putative biological markers in this condition...

..The successful identification of biomarkers is critical to progressing our understanding of IBS and addressing the unmet therapeutic needs of this debilitating condition...

..In this study we examined the hypothesis that the antidepressant-like effects of verapamil are mediated through its blockade of the Pgp transporter in the blood brain barrier (BBB)...

..Our results identify a proinflammatory PUFA profile as a persistent consequence of early-life stress and suggest new avenues of investigation in stress-related disorders...

..This is the first study, which examined both mania and bipolar depression...

..This study demonstrates that acute stressors alter colonic CRF receptor expression in a manner that is determined by the underlying stress sensitivity of the subject...

..This review summarizes the new potential roles of mGlu receptors and raises the possibility of novel pharmacological targets for various disorders...

..Human studies have shown changes in endometrial TLR expression during the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. Our objective was to measure peripheral TLR activity over the course of the menstrual cycle...

..This study provides evidence of altered colonic function and morphology in two animal models with a heightened response to stress...

..Acute exacerbations of schizophrenia are associated with increased TNF-alpha concentrations (Th1) with concomitantly reduced concentrations of IL-4 (Th2) and a resulting increased TNF-alpha/IL-4 ratio...

..We suggest that future antidepressants may target the immune system by either blocking the actions of pro-inflammatory cytokines or increasing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines...

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..The opioid system is known to govern nociceptive processing and to play a role in gut motor activity...

..Successful application of the method to a maternal deprivation study has identified the hippocampus and the brainstem as possible sites of long-term alteration in this paradigm...

..Because alterations in spinal non-neuronal (astrocytic) glutamate reuptake are suspected to participate in chronic pain, we asked whether such processes occur in visceral hypersensitivity...

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..We conclude that the fecal microbiota of the elderly shows temporal stability over limited time in the majority of subjects but is characterized by unusual phylum proportions and extreme variability...

..Issues significant to future psychopharmacology in the area are discussed, with particular emphasis on the need for a greater consensus in methodology and definition executive function research in schizophrenia...

..This study was designed to examine the cytokine profile among a group of IBS patients with the extra-intestinal co-morbidities fibromyalgia, premenstrual dysmorphic disorder, and chronic fatigue syndrome...

..The lower levels of stress-induced activity in high anxiety BALB/c mice, possibly indicate a circuit dysregulation at the cortico-limbic level in response to stress...

..These findings indicate that antidepressants induce an anti-inflammatory response independent of antidepressant action...

..It was our hypothesis that innate immune receptor expression may be changed in the gastrointestinal tract of animals with stress-induced IBS-like symptoms...

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..Studies suggest that overall patients with depression show increased production of proinflammatory cytokines. We examined pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in patients who were SSRI resistant...

..The rationale for use of psychotropic medications in FD is apparent but the evidence base to support the use of antidepressant pharmacotherapy is to date limited...

..Platelet dysfunction may be involved in the pathophysiological process underlying the association between depression and cerebrovascular disease...

..However, technology is still developing in order to produce effective strategies to modulate specific and localized changes in miRNA, particularly in relation to the central nervous system and schizophrenia...

..We examined pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels during the normal menstrual cycle of healthy females compared to similar time points in healthy males...

..These data suggest that this component of attention at least partly explains variance in negative symptoms...

..The results of this study demonstrate that the number of GPIb receptors on platelets are increased in depression and suggest a novel risk factor for thrombosis in patients with depression...

..We conclude that while good cognitive insight may not be necessary for good clinical insight, good cognitive awareness is at least partly reliant on the processes involved in clinical insight...

..Leptin, encoded by the ob gene, plays an important part in the energy homeostasis and is critical for the development of obesity...

..This interaction between administered microbes and fatty acids could result in a highly effective nutritional approach to the therapy of a variety of inflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions...

..Patients with generalised social phobia had enhanced central serotonergic responses, an abnormality shared with some other anxiety disorders and which may be of aetiological significance...