Kevin Cashman

..This, along with emerging evidence of low vitamin D status in at least some population subgroups, suggests that strategies to increase vitamin D intakes, including fortification of food, should be investigated...

..It is intended to be of use to researchers, national policy makers, the public health community, industry groups and other relevant stakeholders including funding institutions...

..The model used to describe the vitamin D intake-status relationship needs to be considered carefully when setting new reference intake values in the Europe...

..The relative potency of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to vitamin D3 needs to be better defined so that food-composition tables can better reflect the true vitamin D nutritive value of certain foods...

..Finally, it also overviews how the dietary reference intervals for vitamin D may be applied, and especially in terms of assessing the adequacy of vitamin D intake in populations...

..Knowledge gaps have contributed to considerable variation (between 0 and 15 μg/d) in international dietary recommendations for vitamin D in adolescents...

..Knowledge gaps have contributed to considerable variation among international dietary recommendations for vitamin D...

..It also briefly considers some of the recent findings that highlight the importance of some dietary factors for bone health in childhood and adolescence...

..These two studies add to the evidence-base but cast some doubt on the benefits of high vitamin K(1) intake on bone health in later life...

..There is a need for randomized phylloquinone supplementation trials to better understand the role of vitamin K on bone acquisition in growing children...

..The present review will consider these issues, particularly in the context of inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease and atherosclerosis...

..The effects of subclinical vitamin D deficiency on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover in adolescents, especially in boys, are unclear...

..These vitamins are involved in the metabolism and clearance of homocysteine, and thus may have a protective effect against osteoporotic fracture risk...

..g. balance data. For Ca, there has been interest in using maximal Ca retention, which is based on balance data, bone mass measurements and biomarkers of bone turnover as useful functional indicators of the adequacy of Ca intake...

..These findings show that inadequate vitamin D status is quite common in healthy Irish subjects, especially and notably so in young girls and more elderly women...

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..To investigate the effects of increasing Cu intakes, above the usual dietary intake, on biomarkers of bone metabolism in healthy young adult females (aged 21-28 y) over a 4 week period...

..The review will also try to highlight future areas of research that may help in the evaluation of prebiotics as potential ingredients for functional foods aimed at enhancing calcium bioavailability and protecting against osteoporosis...

..In addition, it investigates the possible role of infant feeding practices in the development of IBD...

..This approach may be of particular value in individuals who fail to achieve the dietary recommended level of Ca...

..Therefore, consideration of potential corrective strategies to allow children and adolescents to maintain adequate vitamin D status throughout the year, even in the absence of adequate summer sun exposure, is warranted...

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..Further investigation of the effects of CLA on calcium and bone metabolism in other gender- and age-groups is warranted...

..CONCLUSION: Inadequate vitamin D status during winter time is quite common in elderly women and adolescent girls in Ireland...

..For example, olfactory dysfunction is among the first signs of Alzheimer's disease. There has been no study of olfactory function in Irish subjects at risk of dementia...

..There is evidence of a link between nutrient intake and cognitive impairment and decline in old age. There has been no study of nutrient intake in Irish subjects at risk of dementia...

..33; P = 0.028). CONCLUSION: Suboptimal vitamin D status is common in postmenopausal Irish women during winter. Vitamin D supplementation is associated with improved vitamin D status, even during summertime...

..In boys, there was no plateau in PTH concentrations as 25(OH)D concentration increased. A 25(OH)D threshold of 60 nmol/l appears to have implications for bone health outcomes in both girls and boys...

..003) in the -HRT group, it had no effect in the +HRT group. It appears that postmenopausal HRT use attenuates the increase in a marker of bone resorption associated with a calciuric diet...

..1% of men had inadequate Se intakes. CONCLUSION: A significant prevalence of inadequate Se intakes was observed in Irish adults. Therefore, it would seem prudent that the Se status of the Irish population be investigated at this time...

..The impact of winter decline in vitamin D status and increase in bone turnover on long-term risk of osteopenia/osteoporosis in Crohn's disease patients is unclear...

..001) lowered by CLA supplementation with 5 and 10, but not 2.5 g/kg diet in OVX rats. In conclusion, CLA supplementation appeared to reduce the rate of bone resorption in adult OVX rats...

..These findings show that inadequate vitamin D status is common in Irish pregnant women...

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..124; P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: There was some, albeit inconsistent, evidence of a relationship between zinc nutritive status and bone turnover in the older adult participants of the ZENITH study...

..Sub-optimal selenium status may increase susceptibility to various chronic disorders...

..CONCLUSIONS: Both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients have altered bone turnover relative to that in healthy controls...

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..001) by exposure of Caco-2 cells to both isomers of CLA, an effect which appeared to be related to altered localization of zona occludens 1 (a tight junction protein)...

..In conclusion, while daily supplementation with 200 and 500 microg phylloquinone/d for 6 weeks increased vitamin K status in postmenopausal women, it had no effect on bone turnover...

..There is a need for well-designed, randomized phylloquinone supplementation trials in children and adolescents to confirm epidemiological findings of an association between vitamin K status and bone health...

..However, moderate energy restriction aimed at lowering body weight may promote bone turnover and bone loss. Inclusion of fish or fish oils in a weight-loss diet may attenuate these adverse skeletal effects...

..These issues need to be addressed before genotyping can become an acceptable method to guide nutritional recommendations...

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..The major research gap identified was the need to investigate vitamin D status to define deficiency, insufficiency and depletion across age and ethnic groups in relation to bone health...

..It will also focus on the issues of efficacy as well as safety considerations of supplements...

..538; p = 0.026). The data indicate that large-scale studies to examine relationships between vitamin K1 (and green vegetable) intakes and bone growth and development in adolescents are warranted...

..To quantify the dietary calcium and vitamin D intake in adult renal-transplant recipients attending at a large teaching hospital in Ireland for follow-up...

..To examine the effect of season on biochemical markers of bone turnover in 51-to 75-year-old Irish women and to investigate whether such changes are related to vitamin D status...

..In addition, the seasonal rhythm contributed 7.0-7.6 % difference in the BMD of lumbar vertebrae and left femur in early puberty girls. This variation should be avoided since it could hamper peak bone mass attainment...

..These findings suggest that the rate of bone resorption was influenced by ERalpha genotypes, even though these biochemical differences were not evident in bone mass indices...

..Furthermore, the rate of bone resorption in the CD was inversely correlated with vitamin K status, suggesting that it might be another etiological factor for CD-related osteopenia...

..CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the protective effect of dietary PE on bone mass would appear to be due to their direct effect(s) on bone cells, as opposed to an indirect effect on bone by stimulation of intestinal Ca absorption...

..The present study shows that habitual phylloquinone intakes in Irish adults are low, which may have implications for bone health...

..This DASH diet-induced reduction in bone turnover, if sustained, may improve bone mineral status...

..The aim of the present review is to critically evaluate current knowledge relating to candidate genes for osteoporosis, with particular emphasis on their interaction with nutrients and dietary factors in determining bone health...

..It is concluded that the Na- and protein-induced urinary Ca loss is compensated for by increased bone resorption and that this response may be influenced by VDR genotype...

..This effect may be mediated by an increased synthesis of IGF-I in growing bone. The effect of WP on bone formation warrants further investigation...

..In conclusion, CLA supplementation over 8 weeks appeared to enhance Ca absorption in young growing rats fed an n-3 PUFA-rich diet, but had no measurable effect on bone metabolism or bone mass over this time frame...

..In conclusion, PO at high luminal concentrations either had no effect or reduced Ca absorption in Caco-2 cells, dependent on oestrogen status. The effect of lower concentrations of these compounds needs to be investigated...

..These findings may have implications for the development of dietary guidelines for osteoporosis prevention...

..In the present work, we aim to give a concise overview of breath isoprene, its measurement techniques, problems concerning its physiological meaning, and potential applications as a non-invasive biomarker in modern medicine...

..These factors can be present for a long time before cognitive impairment becomes evident, therefore they could be potentially detected and corrected in a timely manner...

..This review provides a brief overview of this topic...

..However, as blood pressure was unaffected by this diet, the mechanism by which it reduced bone turnover requires further investigation...

..In conclusion, the findings of this study which suggest that bacteria can enhance intestinal calcium uptake, if not calcium transport, highlights the need to undertake further studies in this, to date, vastly underinvestigated area...

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..04). On the basis of comparisons with both UK recommendations and US Adequate Intakes for phylloquinone, the habitual intakes of phylloquinone in a high proportion of Irish postmenopausal women may not be adequate...

..However, the positive effects were noted with the CB method but not with IT...

..Zinc supplementation may be beneficial for health. Assessing exchangeable zinc pools may be a useful approach to evaluate zinc status...

..In conclusion, the present in vitro findings highlight the need to investigate the effect of marine oil-based n-3 fatty acids on Ca absorption in vivo in studies of healthy human subjects as well as of Crohn's disease patients...

..The mechanism by which CLA enhances transcellular Ca transport remains unclear...

..These findings may have implications for the development of diet-based strategies aimed at osteoporosis prevention...

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..These may help our mechanistic understanding of the role of CLA in promoting gut function and health...

..Nor did they augment the stimulatory effect of 1,25 (OH)2D3. CONCLUSION: These in vitro findings suggest that oestrogen does not have a direct effect on intestinal Ca absorption...

..01, by about 1.5-fold relative to the control value) by exposure to 10:0, 12:0 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA for 22 d, suggesting that these non-esterified fatty acids could potentially enhance Ca absorption in vivo...