Lorenz von Seidlein

..The possible origin of these isolates and the presence of the tandem repeat of the classical prophage in them implicate the presence of the classical CTX phage...

..The aim of this study was to identify and compare factors associated with Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriage in three regions of differing malaria endemicity...

..such as water improvement or vaccination campaigns are implemented for groups of individuals we were interested whether risk factors not only for the individual but for households, neighbourhoods and larger areas can be recognised?..

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..Our aim was to assess the potential association between both diseases...

..We conducted a prospective, population-based study in six Asian countries to gain a better understanding of the current disease burden, clinical manifestations, and microbiology of shigellosis in Asia...

..The reason for the absence of an impact on malaria transmission is probably the very high basic reproductive number of malaria, and the persistence of mature gametocytes, which are not affected by AS treatment...

..The choice of a first-line antimalarial drug for uncomplicated malaria should not only take into consideration the ablation asexual parasitemia but also the suppression of gametocytemia...

..Widespread resistance to antibiotics adds urgency to the development and use of vaccines to control shigellosis...

..Balancing this concern is the known higher risk of cholera and of complications of pregnancy should cholera occur in these women, as well as the lack of expected adverse events from a killed oral bacterial vaccine...

..Cholera remains an important public health problem. Yet there are few reliable population-based estimates of laboratory-confirmed cholera incidence in endemic areas around the world...

..The Diseases of the Most Impoverished (DOMI) Program was initiated to provide evidence to decide on the introduction of typhoid vaccines in Asian countries...

..04) with cholera at a 1-month lag. These results may be applied to forecast cholera outbreaks, and guide public health resources in controlling cholera in Zanzibar...

..We conducted a surveillance study to determine the leading causes of bloodstream infection in febrile patients seeking treatment at three district hospitals in Pemba Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania, an area with low malaria transmission...

..Early detection of cholera outbreaks is crucial for the implementation of the most appropriate control strategies...

..A rapid diagnostic test for typhoid fever, Tubex®, is commercially available that uses particle separation to detect immunoglobulin M directed towards Salmonella Typhi O9 lipopolysaccharide in sera...

..To inform policy-makers about introduction of preventive interventions against typhoid, including vaccination...

..New type RS1 elements RS1(cla) and RS1(env), and a CTX(env) with rstR(env) and the classical ctxB were identified on the large chromosome of the Mozambican isolates collected in 2005...

..The disease maps can help identify high-risk areas of shigellosis that can be targeted for interventions. This approach may be useful for the selection of populations and the analysis of vaccine trials...

..We aimed to determine the burden of bacillary dysentery in China, its cross-regional variations, trends in morbidity and mortality, the causative bacterial species and antimicrobial resistance patterns...

..The results show that the dT+ phenotype requires a functional product encoded by STM 3356, and support the use of the PCR-based discrimination method for S. Paratyphi B and S. Java as the standard differentiation method...

..We therefore investigated the usefulness of clinical signs, WHO case definition and Widal test for the diagnosis of typhoid fever...

..Use of these vaccines could have a major effect on the burden of cholera in endemic settings...

..To evaluate the potential benefit of this pivotal change in WHO policy, we used existing data from cholera outbreaks to simulate the number of cholera cases preventable by reactive mass vaccination...

..Five of the six trials using sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) for IPTi showed protective efficacies (PEs) against clinical malaria ranging from 20.1 - 33.3% whilst one, the Ifakara study, showed a protective efficacy of 58.6%...

..It is gaining in popularity and has replaced the paper-based data entry system in many studies. We report our experiences with paper- and PDA-based data collection during a fever surveillance study in Pemba Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania...

..Such information provides little assurance that the data are reliable. There are several issues in data management that if not properly practiced may create an unreliable database, and outcomes of this database will be spurious...

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..Paratyphi A. We compared their incidences by using standardized methods from population-based studies in China, Indonesia, India, and Pakistan...

..A rapid diagnostic test (RDT) that can be used by minimally trained staff at treatment centers could potentially improve the reporting and management of cholera outbreaks...

..typhi). However, a more rapid, simpler, and cheaper diagnostic method would be very useful especially in developing countries. The Widal test is widely used in Africa but little information exists about its reliability...

..Field trials require extensive data preparation and complex logistics. The use of personal digital assistants (PDAs) can bypass many of the traditional steps that are necessary in a paper-based data entry system...

..These projects also build in-country capacity in terms of treatment, diagnosis, epidemiology, and data management...

..This is a review of the guiding principles for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria, the essential anti-malarial drugs for children, and the treatment regimens currently recommended...

..Continued monitoring of anti-HAV antibodies is needed for a rational hepatitis A immunization strategy in China...

..Widespread immunization of children against rotavirus before 6 months of age should be considered for the control of rotavirus diarrhea...

..Based on the validation of the data we hope to optimize this model. Once we find the model working it is planned export this vaccine data safety link to other settings of similar economic status...

..In parallel, efforts need to be made to address issues in drug supply and regulation, to map G6PD deficiency and to support the evaluation of alternative gametocytocidal compounds...

..However, data on these key parameters are lacking and assumptions are frequently made based on expert opinion. Widely diverse opinions can lead to conflicting outcomes in models they inform...

..This vaccine was reformulated to meet WHO requirements. We assessed the safety and immunogenicity of the reformulated bivalent (Vibrio cholerae 01 and 0139) killed whole cell oral vaccine in a cholera endemic area in Kolkata, India...

..S. flexneri serotypes 1-5, X and Y were clustered together in a group containing many allelic variants while serotype 6 formed a distinct group, as previously established...

..To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of revaccination with locally-produced Vi polysaccharide vaccine 3 years after the first dose in Chinese children aged 9 to 14 years...

..01; R2=0.992). Using adults' perception of prevalence of disease as the basis for estimating its incidence in children provides a cost-effective behavioural epidemiologic method to facilitate prevention and control of the disease...

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..These findings suggest that for some diseases, COI may approximate more comprehensive measures of economic benefits...

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..The 8-methoxy fluoroquinolone gatifloxacin showed rapid killing of serovar Typhi harboring both the single- and double-amino-acid substitutions...

..The high prevalence of Shigella strains resistant to multiple antibiotics adds urgency to the development of a vaccine to protect against shigellosis in this region of Thailand...

..While vaccines offer great potential in controlling these diseases, greater understanding of factors influencing acceptance of vaccines is needed to create effective enteric disease control programs in rural China...

..For adults, the responses indicate that vaccine uptake by adults will vary. A large proportion of respondents in all regions, specifically in China, do not perceive themselves at risk yet still consider a shigellosis vaccine desirable...

..This is the first report of the isolation of pandemic strains of V. parahaemolyticus in sub-Saharan Africa and clearly indicates that the pandemic of V. parahaemolyticus has spread into the African continent...

..CONCLUSIONS: The rBS-WC vaccine was highly effective against clinically significant cholera in an urban sub-Saharan African population with a high prevalence of HIV infection...

..Given these healthcare-use patterns, reported rates could significantly underestimate the real disease burden of dysentery and diarrhoea...

..The findings increase the understanding of the factors and healthcare-use patterns associated with diarrhoea episodes and may assist in developing public-health messages and infrastructure in Kolkata...

..Individuals from households in the lowest-income group were significantly more likely to attend a PHC for treatment of diarrhoea compared to individuals from households in the middle- and higher-income groups...

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..It is likely that not all untreated infections were asymptomatic. Qualitative research should explore barriers to treatment uptake, to allow educational interventions to be planned...

..09 dollars, which is relatively high. However, in endemic settings where outbreaks are likely to occur, integrating cholera vaccination into the routine activities of the public health system could reduce such costs...

..We found the epidemiologic features of rotavirus in rural Vietnam to be more similar to those of rotavirus in a developed country than to those of rotavirus in India or Bangladesh...

..Focal interventions to minimise human-vector contact and improved personal hygiene and targeted vaccination campaigns could help to prevent malaria and typhoid fever in this site...

..45. This estimate of household WTP represents the perceived private economic benefits to a household--six persons on average--of giving all members free cholera vaccines...

..We found that this reformulated oral killed whole-cell cholera vaccine was safe, well tolerated and highly immunogenic...

..To assess the potential risk factors for shigellosis including housefly density...

..Geographically, cases were clustered during the first outbreak but not during the second. Person-to-person contact and water reservoirs appear to be the main transmission routes for cholera in this setting...

..Nonetheless, it is essential to include private health care providers when attempting to accurately estimate the burden of disease in such settings...

..The overall vaccine effectiveness 3-5 years after vaccination was 50% (9-63%). This low-cost, easily administered vaccine should be considered as a tool for the control of cholera...

..There is a need for more efficient rapid diagnostic test for typhoid fever especially during the acute stage of the disease. Until then, culture remains the method of choice...

..The purpose of this study was to develop a cost function model to estimate the public treatment cost of shigellosis patients in Thailand...

..These findings are significant for targeting specific messages about shigellosis and vaccination to different populations and maximizing informed participation in public-health campaigns...

..The clinical presentation of shigellosis may be directly related to the bacterial load...

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..Like the interruption of the transmission of V. cholerae infections that had been observed earlier, the transmission of V. parahaemolyticus came to a halt without meteorological changes or changes in water supply and sanitation...