Rakesh Kumar Gupta

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..The purpose of the present study was to identify the true prevalence of hemorrhage in the abscess using T2*-weighted angiography (SWAN) imaging and to study its influence on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics...

..However, it is not well understood why some calcified cysts are associated with seizures even without perilesional abnormality...

..In this review, we summarize the pathology, clinical, and imaging features of the common viral infections that affect the CNS...

..The aim of this study was to correlate the perfusion indices with magnetic resonance imaging-derived cellular and necrotic fraction of the tuberculoma and angiogenesis metrics on histopathology...

..We hypothesized that the high fractional anisotropy (FA) in the brain abscess cavity reflects the upregulation of these neuroinflammatory molecules. Materials and..

..In addition, these indices may be of value in assessing the therapeutic response in patients with BT who are treated only with specific anti-tuberculous drugs...

..Our studies suggest that this technique is likely to give a novel image contrast and may be of value in improving the tissue specificity in pathologies associated with variable macromolecular size...

..In the twenty-first century several outbreaks of encephalitis have been reported. Urbanization and encroachment on natural environments, the ease of world travel, and global trade have led to the spread of vectors and viruses...

..We conclude that addition of DWI to routine imaging protocol may help in differentiation of tuberculous lesions from degenerating cysticercus granuloma...

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..Its loss is most likely a compensatory mechanism for the accumulation of glutamine. In conclusion, MRI and MRS examine different aspects of hepatocerebral disease...

..We conclude that in the BA, different mechanisms are operative for the changes in the DTI metrics in the wall and cavity; these conclusions are validated by histology and immunohistochemistry...

..We conclude that T1 weighted MT MR imaging appears to be more consistent in the tissue characterization of brain tuberculomas...

..The purpose of the current study was to prospectively evaluate the role of corrected gradient echo phase imaging in differentiation of calcified granuloma from chronic hemorrhage...

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..On FA, CL and CP maps, a significant increase in signal intensity value was observed in calcified as compared to other stages. We conclude that DTI measures may indicate the evolutionary changes in NCC from vesicular to calcified stage...

..To look for the impact of leak correction on correlation of perfusion indices with microvessel density (MVD) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in astrocytomas...

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..In this study, we assessed the utility of various perfusion indices in the differentiation of infective from neoplastic brain lesions...

..CONCLUSIONS: Diffusion-weighted imaging has high sensitivity and specificity for the differentiation of brain abscess from other nonabscess intracranial cystic lesions...

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..To look for the association of tissue matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) expression with dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and to see whether these can prognosticate patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)...

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..We suggest that PMRS should be combined with DTI rather than with diffusion-weighted imaging as FA can be used as an additional parameter for separation of abscess from other cystic intracranial mass lesions...

..The expression of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-1beta and sICAM-1 was significantly higher only in symptomatic NCC cases. Our study highlights the role of adhesion molecules in the development of symptoms in NCC...

..To look for the clinical implications of increased cortical fractional anisotropy (FA) in meningitis patients associated with brain abscess...

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..CONCLUSION: Demonstration of restricted diffusion on DWI with reduced ADC is highly suggestive of brain abscess; however, in the absence of restriction, PMRS is mandatory to distinguish brain abscesses from cystic tumors...

..12+/-0.02) and culture-positive CSF study (0.12+/-0.02). FA may be used as noninvasive surrogate marker of NMs in neonatal meningitis in assessing therapeutic response in future...

..Susceptibility of humans to NCC in relation to TLR polymorphism is unknown. The present study examines TLR4 polymorphism in human NCC and its role in symptomatic disease...

..001). The sensitivity and specificity of LTT for diagnosis of NCC were 93.8% and 96.2%, respectively. The study shows that LTT can be used as an immunodiagnostic tool for NCC; however, it needs to be validated in other endemic areas...

..We conclude that the precontrast medium steady-state residue parameter K may be useful in improved quantification of perfusion indices in human glioma using T(1)-weighted DCE-MRI...

..Health education, mass anthelminthic therapy and other preventive measures are required to control the menace of the disease...

..We conclude that increased CSF and serum VEGF levels are a measure of activity of the disease in neurotuberculosis and its gradual decrease over a period of time is probably an indicator of therapeutic response...

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..In some patients axial or limb involvement may predominate and may have unusual manifestations...

..Since NCC is a preventable and potentially eradicable disease, appropriate intervention strategies may help to reduce the disease burden...

..DTI demonstrates axonopathy in the acute stage, as well as at secondary stages, at 6 months post-injury in the CC and PWM in regions of normal-appearing white matter on conventional MRI...

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..Since positive response with MRI or serology depends on the stage of the disease, therefore both tests should be done together to confirm or to rule out NCC...

..Roger P. Woods, UCLA, (USA) were used in this software. This software could be easily implemented and was easy to use for image processing suitable for radiotherapy planning systems...

..In a prospective study we determined the predisposing factors and the microbiological profile of brain abscess. We also analyzed the mortality in patients with the type of infections identified...

..7%) had reported seizures. All 3 of the latter who were examined had neurocysticercosis. 13 of the pigs (26%) had cysticercosis. Such high prevalences indicate the need for detailed assessment of the disease burden in this community...

..As development of a porcine NCC model has proved difficult, we propose that naturally infected swine can be identified on the basis of these clinical signs and thus used as a model for further research on NCC...

..In two survivors with repeat imaging, one showed complete resolution while the changes persisted in the other, suggesting ischemic injury. Cerebral edema in fulminant hepatic failure is predominantly due to cytotoxic edema...

..To compare changes in apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in neonatal meningitis using serial diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI)...

..94, P = <0.05) abscesses. We conclude that viable cell density is the main biological parameter responsible for restricted diffusion in brain abscess, and it is not influenced by the etiological agents responsible for its causation...

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..Our studies suggest that the DTI-estimated anisotropy could be useful in following neuronal migration, cortical maturation, and associated changes in the germinal matrix during early brain development...

..FLAIR signal intensity correlates significantly only with the total protein concentration in abscess and non-abscess lesions...

..Higher amount of musculature in grade I cysts was associated with higher concentration of tCr in the cyst fluid (r2 = 0.93, P = 0.007). Creatine appears to be a marker of innocuous and viable NCC...

..The presence of significantly decreased FA and CL and increased CS along with no significant change in MD and CP suggests the presence of both intracellular and extracellular components of cerebral edema in patients with ACLF...

..To use diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics for measuring cytotoxic and interstitial components of cerebral edema (CE) in acute hepatic failure (AHF) patients. CE is a major complication in patients with AHF...

..However, a few patients may have residual damage and may need psychometric analysis and follow-up for neurodevelopmental sequelae...

..We aimed to study the role of DTI-derived metrics in delineating the synovitis and their correlation with inflammatory proteins expressed in the SF of chronic inflammatory arthritis patients...

..This information may prevent misinterpretation of the DTI information as white matter fiber bundle abnormalities associated with mass lesions...

..The fractional anisotropy quantification can be used to assess the migrational and maturation changes during the development of the human fetal cerebellum supported by the immunohistochemical analysis...

..Non-enhancement of some of the degenerated cysts along with absence of edema on MRI is likely to underestimate the staging of neurocysticercosis evolution, and these early degenerating cysts may be misdiagnosed as in viable stage...

..These characteristic lesion criteria may help in differentiation of JE from WD on MR imaging...

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..In conclusion, the increase in MD with no concomitant changes in FA in cirrhosis with minimal or early HE indicates the presence of reversible interstitial brain edema...

..37 ppm not observed earlier in the cystic lesions, including arachnoid cyst. The demonstration of this resonance may help in characterization of these lesions that may be confused with arachnoid cysts on imaging and during surgery...

..76, p < 0.01) and subplate (r = 0.59, p = 0.03) zones. The results of our study suggest that the FA can be used as noninvasive marker of neurodevelopmental events in the frontal lobe of human fetal brain...

..Some patients with focal cerebral calcification (FCC) have no seizure or a benign course of epilepsy, whilst others with a similar lesion have uncontrolled epilepsy...

..These geometrical indices may have advantages over FA for differentiating true from pseudo WM tracts inside the abscess cavity...

..Absent refractory period is thought to reliably differentiate SUNCT/SUNA from trigeminal neuralgia and has been proposed for inclusion into the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) diagnostic criteria for SUNCT...

..In conclusion, ferric chloride induced CVST in the rat produces cytotoxic edema in early stage followed by vasogenic edema which is related to recanalization of the superior sagittal sinus...

..MRV is a relatively safe technique to ascertain the patency of subarachnoid space as well as ETV stoma...

..There was a significant direct correlation of ADC values with the disease duration in these cases (r=0.847, P <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: DWI is helpful in early diagnosis and characterization of the duration of the lesions in JE...

..An ELISA using the Cysticercus fasciolaris larval stage of T. taeniaeformis has been evaluated in the post-treatment follow-up of NC in a cohort of 165 cases...

..Thirty-three age- and sex-matched healthy controls were also included for comparison...

..CONCLUSION: These results indicate that cortico-callosal topographical changes exhibit a significant temporal decline in observed FA values that is suggestive of cortico-callosal WD in patients with large MCA territory stroke...

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..93%, 94.68% and 91.5% respectively. For single cyst infection the sensitivity of the assay was found to be 86.4%. The present study shows that MTT is an adaptable technique which can be used for diagnosis of NCC...

..The objective of this study was to determine if similar changes occur in the pia-arachnoid on the surface of the cerebral cortex in patients with pyogenic meningitis, and if these changes regress following antibiotic therapy...

..CONCLUSIONS: T1-weighted MT imaging may be of value in predicting the intractability of the seizure in delayed posttraumatic epilepsy...

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..The most likely explanation for the presence of creatine only in the cysticercus fluid is its active diffusion from the surrounding host tissue along with a contribution from the musculature present in the bladder wall of the cyst...

..CONCLUSION: Intact RBCs entangled within fibrin mesh appear to be responsible for high FA in hemorrhagic brain lesions...

..The increase in fractional anisotropy in corticospinal tracts, along with improved clinical motor scores, suggests plasticity of the central motor pathway after combined therapy...

..These spatiotemporal changes in DTI metrics suggest continued WD in injured fibers along with simultaneous reorganization of spared white matter fibers, which may contribute to changing neurological status in chronic SCI patients...

..This quantitative information may be useful for assessing brain maturation in patients with developmental delay of the cerebral and cerebellar white matter...

..The relationship between insulin resistance and abdominal fat distribution was studied in Indian patients with PCOS. Subcutaneous fat, together with a family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, was the best marker of insulin resistance...

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..To quantify the changes in brain water diffusivity in hepatic encephalopathy (HE) associated with cirrhosis using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and to correlate with neuropsychological (NP) scores...

..This information may be useful in facilitating prompt and appropriate treatment of patients with these abscesses...

..This study provides insights into the pathogenesis of MS, and the role played by compromised axonal integrity in this disease...

..To develop and implement a method for identification and quantification of gadolinium (Gd) enhancements with minimal human intervention...

..To prospectively perform a direct measurement of fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) in cortical lesions of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS)...

..The child made a complete clinical and imaging recovery on conservative management...

..The mechanisms contributing to the volume loss are unclear, but may relate to hypoxic/ischemic processes, possibly assisted by nutritional deficiencies in the syndrome...

..CONCLUSIONS: The ex vivo spectroscopic differentiation of fertile and sterile cysts may be a stepping-stone for their in vivo separation in future and thus help in framing strategies for percutaneous/surgical management...

..External shunt should be reserved for those who fail the endoscopic CSF diversion...

..Fuzzy connectivity was used for the delineation of black holes. The performance of this algorithm was quantitatively evaluated on 14 MS patients...