Balakrishnan S Ramakrishna

..Reduction of gross diarrhea rate in excess of that seen over time with intravenous therapy and appropriate antibiotics is not usually achieved by oral glucose-electrolyte rehydration therapy for cholera and cholera-like diarrheas...

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..The consensus statements are intended to serve as a reference point for teaching, clinical practice, and research in India...

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..The need for universal compliance with infection control standards, and for the development of strategies to achieve such compliance, is highlighted...

..Fe deficiency in young women in south India was associated with low levels of lactobacilli in the faeces. The relationship between lactobacilli and Fe deficiency needs to be explored further...

..This article briefly reviews the management of tropical sprue and presents an algorithm for its investigation and management...

..The colonic bacterial flora, largely anaerobic, is believed to establish and stabilize in the first 2 y of life...

..This study aimed to determine whether prior administration of probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria would prevent disease and change gut flora in an animal model of colitis...

..0253). We concluded that the finding of increased numbers of F. prausnitzii in the faeces of obese children in south India adds to the growing information on alterations in faecal microbiota in obesity...

..Probiotics are used to provide health benefits. The present study tested the effect of a probiotic yoghurt on faecal output of beta-defensin and immunoglobulin A in a group of young healthy women eating a defined diet...

..This study evaluated mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complex activity in normal and disease mucosa in patients with UC. Alterations in ETC complexes were also investigated in experimental colitis in mice...

..This study used molecular methods to determine changes in the composition of selected commensal anaerobic bacteria during and after acute diarrhea in children...

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..Omnivores had an increased relative abundance of Clostridium cluster XIVa bacteria and butyryl-CoA CoA-transferase gene compared with vegetarians, but we were unable to identify the components of the diet responsible for this difference...

..RS in reduced osmolar ORS may have advantages to reduce severity of diarrhea and prevent hyponatremia in severe diarrhea and may be applicable to diarrhea of different etiologies...

..This study was undertaken to determine how well this test would distinguish intestinal tuberculosis from Crohn's disease in a country endemic for tuberculosis...

..We undertook this study to detect and quantitatively assess C. difficile in the stool of patients with UC using real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and to compare it with healthy individuals...

..Three apparently common mutations in the NOD2 gene are found in up to 30% of sporadic patients with Crohn's disease in western countries. We examined whether such mutations are also found in Indian patients with Crohn's disease...

..We undertook new studies to identify polymorphisms in the NOD2 gene in the Indian population and to detect whether any of these were associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in this population...

..Colorectal mucosal biopsies occasionally demonstrate the presence of bacteria adherent to the epithelium. This study evaluated the histological and ultrastructural correlates of such bacterial adherence...

..The frequency of diagnosis of Crohn's disease (CD) in India is increasing. This case-control study was designed to detect associations of environmental and dietary factors with the diagnosis of CD...

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..The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of fecal PCR were 88.8%, 100%, 100%, and 93.7%, respectively...

..We examined the abundance and diversity of Clostridium leptum group, an important group of carbohydrate-fermenting bacteria, in the feces of patients with IBD and compared them with healthy controls...

..Butyrate oxidation by colonocytes is impaired in ulcerative colitis. This study examined the activity of enzymes involved in butyrate oxidation in ulcerative colitis...

..CONCLUSIONS: The risk of developing CRC is Indian patients with UC is lower than that reported from the West. Strategies for cancer surveillance in Indian patients with UC need to be tailored accordingly...

..This case highlights the need to consider and investigate drug-induced disease as part of the differential diagnosis...

..CONCLUSION: In children with acute diarrhea, the addition of amylase-resistant starch to glucose ORS significantly shortened duration of diarrhea compared with standard treatment...

..Ohno's type-specific primer based genotyping assay can be used for distinguishing between HCV genotype 1 and non-1 HCV genotypes in laboratories that do not possess nucleotide sequencing facilities...

..CONCLUSIONS: HCV genotype 4 is detected in a significant minority of HCV infected patients in India. This finding should be considered in designing strategies prior to initiation of therapy in Indian patients infected with HCV...

..These strains have been previously reported only from Hong Kong and Southeast Asia...

..Point-of-use techniques for water disinfection may be most effective for preventing such outbreaks, but further research into the development of appropriate technology is required...