Research Topics
| Jozsef JanszkySummaryAffiliation: Epilepsy Center Country: Hungary Publications
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Detail Information
Publications
Spikes on the postoperative EEG are related to preoperative spike frequency and postoperative seizuresJ Janszky
Epilepsie Zentrum Bethel, Mara Krankenhaus, Maraweg 21, Bielefeld 33617, Germany
Epilepsy Res 57:153-8. 2003..To investigate the factors which influence the persistence of interictal epileptiform discharges (IED) after epilepsy surgery...
Peri-ictal vegetative symptoms in temporal lobe epilepsyJ Janszky
Epilepsy Center Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany
Epilepsy Behav 11:125-9. 2007..PIVS, especially PNW, occurred more frequently in women, supporting the gender differences in epilepsy...
[Diagnosis of epilepsy]Jozsef Janszky
Orszógos Pszichiótriai és Neurológia Intézet, Epilepszia Centrum, Budapest
Ideggyogy Sz 57:157-63. 2004..The new and quantitative MRI techniques, such as volumetry, T2-relaxometry, MR-spectroscopy, and functional MRI play a growing role in the epilepsy diagnosis...
Orgasmic aura--a report of seven casesJ Janszky
Department of Presurgical Evaluation, Epilepsy Centre Bethel, Maraweg 21, Bielefeld 33617, Germany
Seizure 13:441-4. 2004..Our results confirm that orgasmic aura could be considered as an ictal lateralising sign to the right hemisphere, however, it has no 100% lateralising value...
Age at onset in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with a history of febrile seizuresJozsef Janszky
Epilepsie Zentrum Bethel, Klinik Mara I, Maraweg 21, Bielefeld 33617, Germany
Neurology 63:1296-8. 2004..AEO was found to be trimodal with a peak at ages 5.5, 15.3, and 26.7. In the adolescent AEO group, a family history of epilepsy occurred more frequently and the age at febrile convulsions was earlier than in the childhood group...
Temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis: predictors for long-term surgical outcomeJ Janszky
National Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
Brain 128:395-404. 2005..Epilepsy duration is the most important predictor for long-term surgical outcome. Our results strongly suggest that surgery for TLE-HS should be performed as early as possible...
Failed surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy: predictors of long-term seizure-free courseJ Janszky
Epilepsy Centre Bethel, Klinik Mara 1, Maraweg 21, Bielefeld 33617, Germany
Epilepsy Res 64:35-44. 2005..To identify prognostic factors which predict the outcome 2 years after TLE surgery in those patients who were not seizure-free at the 6-month postoperative examination...
Hyperorality in epileptic seizures: periictal incomplete Klüver-Bucy syndromeJozsef Janszky
Department of Neurology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
Epilepsia 46:1235-40. 2005..To analyze systematically hyperorality associated with epileptic seizures and its relation to the localization of epileptic activity...
Unilateral hand automatisms in temporal lobe epilepsyJ Janszky
Epilepsy Center Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany
Seizure 15:393-6. 2006..To analyse the lateralising value of unilateral manual automatism (UMA), its relation to contralateral dystonia and the hand by which the UMA was performed...
Spike frequency is dependent on epilepsy duration and seizure frequency in temporal lobe epilepsyJozsef Janszky
Epilepsy Center Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany
Epileptic Disord 7:355-9. 2005..We wanted to investigate factors that are associated with frequency of interictal epileptiform discharges by investigating 303 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE)...
Simple partial seizures (isolated auras) in medial temporal lobe epilepsyJ Janszky
Epilepsy Centre Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany
Seizure 13:247-9. 2004..Another hypothesis is that consciousness can be disturbed much easier by the ictal activity in left temporal seizures: auras evolve more frequently to CPS due to the disturbance of consciousness...
Medial temporal lobe epilepsy: gender differencesJ Janszky
Epilepsy Center Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75:773-5. 2004..Our data suggest that the seizure spread is more extended or occurs more frequently in men than in women...
Right hippocampal sclerosis is more common than left after febrile seizuresJ Janszky
National Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Budapest, Hungary
Neurology 60:1209-10. 2003..01). Forty-seven percent of the patients had HFC. In patients with right HS, HFC occurred in 59.6%, whereas in patients with left HS, HFC was present in 37.5%, showing a highly significant lateralization difference...
Epilepsy surgery, antiepileptic drug trials, and the role of evidenceJozsef Janszky
Department of Neurology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
Epilepsia 51:1004-9. 2010....
[Role of zonisamid in treating epilepsy, Parkinson disorders and other neurological diseases]Jozsef Janszky
Pecsi Tudomanyegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar, Neurológiai Klinika, Pecs
Ideggyogy Sz 62:383-9. 2009..A peculiar benefit of the ZNS is that parallel to its positive effect on motor impairment it also reduces severity of dyskinesias. ZNS may be effective in bipolar disorder, obesity, eating disorders, and migraine prophylaxis...
Epileptic activity influences the speech organization in medial temporal lobe epilepsyJ Janszky
Epilepsy Center Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany
Brain 126:2043-51. 2003..e. interictal discharges and seizure spread, may influence speech reorganization. Our findings also suggest that not only structural elements but also functional factors have an effect on the language organization of the brain...
Clinical features and surgical outcome of medial temporal lobe epilepsy with a history of complex febrile convulsionsJ Janszky
Epilepsy Center, National Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Budapest, Hungary
Epilepsy Res 55:1-8. 2003..The causal relationship between TLE, HS, and CFC is unclear. There is also contradictory data whether CFC-associated TLE is a distinct epilepsy syndrome and has different surgical outcome than other medial TLEs...
Clinical differences in patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis and unitemporal or bitemporal epileptiform dischargesJ Janszky
Epilepsy Center, National Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Budapest, Hungary
Seizure 12:550-4. 2003..To investigate factors determining the presence of bilateral interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis (HS)...
[Role of deep brain stimulation in epilepsy]Jozsef Janszky
Pecsi Tudomanyegyetem, Neurológiai Klinika, Pecs
Ideggyogy Sz 64:317-20. 2011....
Automatisms with preserved responsiveness and ictal aphasia: contradictory lateralising signs during a dominant temporal lobe seizureJ Janszky
National Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Budapest, Hungary
Seizure 12:182-5. 2003..This is the first report when automatisms with preserved consciousness occurred during a seizure originating and involving the speech-dominant hemisphere...
Autonomic symptoms during childhood partial epileptic seizuresAndras Fogarasi
Epilepsie Zentrum Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany
Epilepsia 47:584-8. 2006....
Age-dependent seizure semiology in temporal lobe epilepsyAndras Fogarasi
Epilepsy Center, Bethesda Children s Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
Epilepsia 48:1697-702. 2007..To examine the effects of age on different aspects of temporal lobe seizure semiology...
Right-left discrimination is related to the right hemisphereTibor Auer
University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
Laterality 13:427-38. 2008..Conclusively, we found that RLD is mainly related to the right hemisphere, and requires activation of the parieto-temporo-occipital junction and the visual system including cuneus, precuneus, and gyrus lingualis...
Late-life absence status epilepticus: a female disorder?Anna Szucs
Epilepsy Center, National Institute of Neurosurgery, Hungary
Epileptic Disord 10:156-61. 2008..We found altogether, 104 (71%) females and 42 (29%) males. This gender difference is highly significant (p < 0.00001). We conclude that absence status epilepticus over the age of 50 is predominantly a female disorder...
Left-sided interictal epileptic activity induces shift of language lateralization in temporal lobe epilepsy: an fMRI studyJozsef Janszky
Bethel Epilepsy Centre, Bielefeld, Germany
Epilepsia 47:921-7. 2006..002). CONCLUSIONS: Higher left-sided spike frequency in MTLE was associated with a left-right shift of speech representation, suggesting that chronic frequent interictal activity may induce a reorganization of speech lateralization...
[Treatment of dystonia by deep brain stimulation: a summary of 40 cases]Gabriella Deli
Pecsi Tudomanyegyetem, Neurológiai Klinika, Pecs
Ideggyogy Sz 65:249-60. 2012..Bilateral pallidal deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established treatment option for primary generalized and segmental dystonia. In the present study we evaluated the results of our dystonia patients treated by DBS...
Ictal smile lateralizes to the right hemisphere in childhood epilepsyAndras Fogarasi
Epilepsie Zentrum Bethel, Bielefeld, Maraweg, Germany
Epilepsia 46:449-51. 2005..To analyze the localizing and lateralizing value of ictal smile (IS) in childhood epilepsy...
Reorganization of motor system in Parkinson's diseaseZsuzsanna Kalmar
Department of Neurology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
Eur Neurol 66:220-6. 2011..Five healthy controls were also investigated with the same settings...
Ictal vocalizations occur more often in temporal lobe epilepsy with dominant (left-sided) epileptogenic zoneReka A Horvath
Department of Neurology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
Epilepsia 50:1542-6. 2009..To investigate the lateralization value of ictal vocalizations in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE)...
The effect of age on seizure semiology in childhood temporal lobe epilepsyAndras Fogarasi
Epilepsie Zentrum Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany
Epilepsia 43:638-43. 2002....
The impact of bilateral subthalamic deep brain stimulation on long-latency event-related potentialsNorbert Kovacs
Department of Neurology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
Parkinsonism Relat Disord 14:476-80. 2008..In conclusion, our data indicate that DBS may have different impacts on various electrophysiological parameters during the oddball paradigm...
[Brain lateralization and seizure semiology: ictal clinical lateralizing signs]Réka Horváth
Pecsi Tudomanyegyetem, Neurológiai Klinika, Pecs
Ideggyogy Sz 61:231-7. 2008..Intelligable speech during complex partial seizures appears in non-dominant seizures. Automatism with preserved consciousness refers to the seizures of non-dominant temporal lobe...
[Analysis of antiparkinsonian drug reduction after bilateral subthalamic deep brain stimulation]Georgina Fehér
Pecsi Tudomanyegyetem, Neurológiai Klinika, Pecs
Ideggyogy Sz 63:314-9. 2010..Bilateral deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nuclei (STN) is a well-established and cost-effective treatment in advanced PD...
Secondarily generalized seizures in temporal lobe epilepsyBeata Bone
Department of Neurology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
Epilepsia 53:817-24. 2012..two questions: (1) What clinical features differentiate patients with TLE who regularly had SGTCS from those who did not? (2) Is there an association of secondarily generalized seizures with preceding seizure elements and clinical data?..
Does obstetric brachial plexus injury influence speech dominance?Tibor Auer
Department of Neurology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
Ann Neurol 65:57-66. 2009..We analyzed the possibility of an opposite cause/effect relation: whether asymmetric hand usage (as a cause) can influence language lateralization (as a consequence)...
Absolute spike frequency and etiology predict the surgical outcome in epilepsy due to amygdala lesionsCsilla Gyimesi
Bethel Epilepsy Center, Klinik Mara, Maraweg 21, 33617 Bielefeld, Germany
Epilepsy Res 92:177-82. 2010..To identify surgical prognostic factors for temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) due to amygdala lesions...
Late contralateral epileptogenesis after incomplete surgery in temporal lobe epilepsy followed across 18 yearsPeter Halasz
Epilepsy Center, National Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Budapest
Ideggyogy Sz 60:251-6. 2007..To present evidence of changes in seizure semiology suggesting late contralateral epileptogenesis after incomplete surgery in a patient with temporal lobe epilepsy...
Predictive clinical factors for the differential diagnosis of childhood extratemporal seizuresAndras Fogarasi
Epilepsie Zentrum Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany
Epilepsia 46:1280-5. 2005..To describe predictive clinical factors for the differentiation between childhood frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) and posterior cortex epilepsy (PCE)...
Ictal affective symptoms in temporal lobe epilepsy are related to gender and ageVanda Toth
Department of Neurology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
Epilepsia 51:1126-32. 2010..Our aim was to assess (1) frequency, (2) gender effect, (3) lateralizing significance, (4) localizing value, and (5) prognostic significance in epilepsy surgery of IAS in patients with video-registered seizures...
Localizing and lateralizing value of behavioral change in childhood partial seizuresAndras Fogarasi
Epilepsie Zentrum Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany
Epilepsia 48:196-200. 2007..To describe clinical characteristics as well as localizing and lateralizing value of behavioral change (BC) at the onset of childhood seizures...
[Effect of epileptic seizures on the heart rate]Vanda Toth
Pecsi Tudomanyegyetem, Neurológiai Klinika, Pecs
Ideggyogy Sz 61:155-61. 2008..Sudden death appears in 8-17% of epilepsy patients non-responding to antiepileptic therapy. Some studies suggest that the most common cause of death is seizure-related cardiac arrhythmia...
History of simple febrile seizures is associated with hippocampal abnormalities in adultsTibor Auer
Department of Neurology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
Epilepsia 49:1562-9. 2008..We investigated whether hippocampal abnormalities are present in healthy adults>15 years after a simple FS...
Ictal emotional expressions of children with partial epilepsyAndras Fogarasi
Bethel Epilepsy Center, Bielefeld, Germany
Epilepsia 48:120-3. 2007..To systematically analyze the lateralizing and localizing value of ictal emotional expressions (EEs) in children and compare these results with those of earlier adult studies...
Peri-ictal lateralizing signs in children: blinded multiobserver study of 100 children < or =12 yearsAndras Fogarasi
Epilepsie Zentrum Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany
Neurology 66:271-4. 2006..Many frequent and reliable LSs were independent of age. LSs may help in the presurgical evaluation of infants and young children...
Comparison of the efficacy of unipolar and bipolar electrode configuration during subthalamic deep brain stimulationGabriella Deli
Department of Neurology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
Parkinsonism Relat Disord 17:50-4. 2011..4-0.5 V higher amplitude was required than in unipolar mode. However in some cases, the efficacy of bipolar stimulation was unable the reach that of unipolar stimulation within the examined amplitude range...
Identifying seizure-onset zone and visualizing seizure spread by fMRI: a case reportTibor Auer
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, Hungary
Epileptic Disord 10:93-100. 2008..To visualize by ictal, functional MRI, the initial haemodynamic change (i.e. putative seizure-onset zone) and subsequent seizure spread during an epileptic seizure...
The influence of benzamil hydrochloride on the evolution of hyponatremic brain edema as assessed by in vivo MRI study in ratsRoy Steier
Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pecs, Rét Street 2, 7623, Pecs, Hungary
Acta Neurochir (Wien) 153:2091-7; discussion 2097. 2011..Parameters of brain water homeostasis were continuously monitored, using in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods. The results were compared with those obtained in a previous study by tissue desiccation...
Coffee consumption may influence hippocampal volume in young womenGabor Perlaki
Department of Neurology, University of Pecs, Ret u 2, 7623 Pecs, Hungary
Brain Imaging Behav 5:274-84. 2011..To our knowledge this is one of the very first studies, which tries to find an association between brain morphology and coffee consumption or caffeine intake in humans using MR imaging...
Attack-related brainstem activation in a patient with SUNCT syndrome: an ictal fMRI studyTibor Auer
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
Headache 49:909-12. 2009..Three consecutive pain attacks were detected during the imaging session and strong brainstem activation was found. It was concluded that the brainstem can be involved in the pain signal transmission in SUNCT syndrome...
The risk of paradoxical levetiracetam effect is increased in mentally retarded patientsAnna Szucs
Epilepsy Center, National Institute of Neurosurgery, Budapest, Hungary
Epilepsia 49:1174-9. 2008..Incidental paradoxical antiepileptic effect of levetiracetam has been described. The aim of the present study was to identify the epilepsy patients at risk...
Neuroimaging and cognitive changes during déjà vuNorbert Kovacs
Department of Neurology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
Epilepsy Behav 14:190-6. 2009..Here we describe a 22-year-old woman treated with deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the left internal globus pallidus for hemidystonia. At certain stimulation settings, DBS elicited reproducible episodes of DV...
Bilateral effects of unilateral thalamic deep brain stimulation: a case reportNorbert Kovacs
Department of Neurology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
Mov Disord 23:276-9. 2008..Because right hand tremor cannot simply reflect the mechanical overflow of the left side, the bilateral improvement caused by right Vim DBS is probably due to an active tremor reduction in this particular case...
Epilepsy caused by retrosplenial tumorPeter Halasz
National Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Budapest
Ideggyogy Sz 57:100-3. 2004....
Oxcarbazepine may induce psychotic symptoms in Parkinson's diseaseNorbert Kovacs
Department of Neurology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
Epilepsy Behav 12:492-3. 2008....
Genital automatisms in childhood partial seizuresAndras Fogarasi
Epilepsie Zentrum Bethel, Maraklinik, D 33617 Bielefeld, Maraweg 21, Germany
Epilepsy Res 65:179-84. 2005..To describe frequency and electroclinical characteristics as well as localizing and lateralizing value of childhood periictal genital automatisms (GAs)...
[Special aspects of patient care after implantation of deep-brain-stimulator]Norbert Kovacs
Pecsi Tudomanyegyetem, Neurológiai Klinika, Pecs
Ideggyogy Sz 61:4-15. 2008..We also discuss the advantage of the use of the (Access Therapy) patient controller. After reviewing the stimulation-related side-effects and their management, the contraindicated medical procedures are discussed...
Hippocampal sclerosis in severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: a retrospective MRI studyZsuzsanna Siegler
Epilepsy Center, Bethesda Children's Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
Epilepsia 46:704-8. 2005..These data support the hypothesis that PFC might be responsible for HS, but other factors and individual sensitivity should play a role in this process...
[Epilepsy and male sexual dysfunction: etiology, diagnosis and therapy]Beata Bone
Pecsi Tudomanyegyetem, Neurológiai Klinika, Pecs
Ideggyogy Sz 59:148-52. 2006..Testosterone may not only be beneficial on sexual functions, but can reduce also the seizure frequency. Independent of etiology, erectile dysfunctions can be successfully treated by sildenafil...
Body weight and the reward system: the volume of the right amygdala may be associated with body mass index in young overweight menGergely Orsi
Department of Neurology, University of Pecs, Hungary, Ret u 2, 7623, Pecs, Hungary
Brain Imaging Behav 5:149-57. 2011..This may be further evidence for a different body-weight regulation in the two sexes. The potential relationship between the volume of the right amygdala and the BMI in heavier individuals requires further studies with larger samples...
Clinical value of subclinical seizures in children with focal epilepsyAbel Velkey
Epilepsy Center, Bethesda Children s Hospital, Bethesda Street 3, Budapest, Hungary
Epilepsy Res 95:82-5. 2011..In this study, frequency, characteristics and diagnostic relevance of SCSs recorded by scalp-EEG were analyzed in a large population of children with focal epilepsy...
Functional magnetic resonance imaging in neurologyTibor Auer
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, Pecs
Ideggyogy Sz 61:16-23. 2008..FMRI can also provide information about the mechanisms of different therapeutic approaches in Parkinson disorder including drug treatment and deep brain stimulation...
Peri-ictal water drinking in temporal lobe epilepsy: Is it a reliable lateralizing sign?Anna Szucs
Epilepsy Center, National Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, H 1021 Budapest, Hungary
Epilepsy Behav 11:578-81. 2007..In conclusion, we could not find any evidence for the lateralization value of peri-ictal water drinking in TLE...
Correlation between calbindin expression in granule cells of the resected hippocampal dentate gyrus and verbal memory in temporal lobe epilepsyKazmer Karadi
Department of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pecs, Szigeti u 12, Pecs 7624, Hungary
Epilepsy Behav 25:110-9. 2012....
Generalised paroxysmal fast activity (GPFA) is not always a sign of malignant epileptic encephalopathyPeter Halasz
National Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Budapest, Hungary
Seizure 13:270-6. 2004..We present here four patients with GPFA, who had neither LGS/LLGS syndrome, nor mental deterioration, two of them are seizure-free, two had infrequent seizures on medication...
Implanted deep brain stimulator and 1.0-Tesla magnetic resonance imagingNorbert Kovacs
Department of Neurology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
J Magn Reson Imaging 24:1409-12. 2006..From theoretical considerations, it may be assumed that 1.0-Tesla MRI can be performed safely on DBS-implanted patients, provided that all other recommendations are adhered to...
Degree and pattern of calbindin immunoreactivity in granule cells of the dentate gyrus differ in mesial temporal sclerosis, cortical malformation- and tumor-related epilepsiesHajnalka Abraham
Central Electron Microscopic Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pecs, Szigeti u 12, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
Brain Res 1399:66-78. 2011....
Ictal pallor is associated with left temporal seizure onset zone in childrenAndras Fogarasi
Epilepsie Zentrum Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany Epilepsy Center, Bethesda Children s Hospital, H 1146 Budapest, Bethesda Street 3, Hungary
Epilepsy Res 67:117-21. 2005..To describe the frequency, localizing and lateralizing value of ictal pallor (IP) in children with focal epilepsy...
TTC post-processing is beneficial for functional MRI at low magnetic field: a comparative study at 1 T and 3 TAttila Schwarcz
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
Eur Radiol 18:2594-600. 2008..High-field advantages are therefore best invested in higher spatial resolution...
Interictal epileptic spiking during sleep and wakefulness in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: a comparative study of scalp and foramen ovale electrodesZsófia Clemens
Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, National Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Budapest, Hungary
Epilepsia 44:186-92. 2003..To assess distribution of temporal lobe spikes across different states of sleep and wakefulness in simultaneous scalp and foramen ovale (Fo) recordings...
Functional organization of the brain with malformations of cortical developmentJozsef Janszky
Epilepsy Surgery Department, Bethel Epilepsy Center, Bielefeld, Germany
Ann Neurol 53:759-67. 2003..Surgery of cortical organization disturbances should be cautiously performed because these malformations may participate to some degree in brain functions...
[Functional MRI at 1 Tesla. Basic paradigms and clinical application]Attila Schwarcz
Pecsi Tudomanyegyetem, Idegsebészeti Klinika, Pecs
Ideggyogy Sz 60:337-41. 2007..To perform functional MRI experiments at low magnetic field, and to set up routine protocol to help the planning of neurosurgical operations and the examination of epilepsy patients...
Pathological sleep apnoea frequency remains permanent in ischaemic stroke and it is transient in haemorrhagic strokeAnna Szucs
National Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology Epilepsy Centre, National Stroke Centre, Budapest, Hungary
Eur Neurol 47:15-9. 2002..0001). It is concluded that pathological sleep apnoea frequency remains stable after ischaemic stroke indicating a concomitant obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and sleep apnoea is a transitory symptom of haemorrhagic strokes...
