Lutz Heinemann

..Only under such circumstances will patients make appropriate therapeutic interventions to optimize and maintain metabolic control...

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..The aim of this study was to assess glucose changes during and after physical exercise in patients with type 1 diabetes managed by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion before and after a 14-day moderate or intense exercise program...

..Aim of this secondary analysis was to identify patient subgroups which differ in the decline of beta cell function during treatment with atorvastatin...

..To investigate if coadministration of enalapril alters the metabolic effect of glibenclamide by employing an euglycemic glucose-clamp technique in healthy volunteers...

..To determine the pharmacokinetic (PK) and glucodynamic (GD) dose response of human insulin inhalation powder (HIIP) delivered via AIR particle technology and dose equivalence to subcutaneous (SC) insulin lispro...

..The proposed glucose clamp technique makes possible the quantitative study of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of insulin preparations under comparative and reproducible conditions...

..Therefore, the recommendation made in most of these studies (i.e., use of dual-wave bolus) has to be accepted with care, until we have better evidence...

..To determine the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of an oral insulin (OI) formulation compared with subcutaneously injected regular human insulin (RHI)...

..GIR 24-h area under the curve for BIAsp t.i.d. was higher than for basal-bolus therapy: 2,585.2 vs. 2,289.2 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS BIAsp had pharmacological advantages over BHI. BIAsp t.i.d. had a similar PD profile to basal-bolus therapy...

..CONCLUSIONS Several hours are required until a new steady state in the metabolic effect is achieved after a significant change in basal insulin infusion...

..24 vs. 34%; INS-AUC((0- infinity )) 14 vs. 28 vs. 33%. The results suggest that insulin detemir has a significantly more predictable glucose-lowering effect than both NPH insulin and insulin glargine...

..In time, daily practice will show if the introduction of UFIs will fulfill their clinical promise. In this review, the basic idea for UFIs will be presented and the different approaches will be briefly characterized...

..The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge and recommendations about IISs and to highlight potential directions of IIS development in order to make insulin absorption safer and more efficient...

..Nevertheless, it is very likely that in the next years, BIs will come to the market also in highly regulated markets...

..The natural course of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes was analyzed: what are the risk factors, and what is the relationship to the use of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG)?..

..The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between selected anthropometric parameters and MRI-estimated abdominal fat volumes in patients with diabetes...

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..Based on the observed biopotency and the rapid onset of action, inhalation of a liquid insulin aerosol generated by the Aerodose Insulin Inhaler shows promise for covering prandial insulin requirements...

..Nevertheless, it is impressive to see how often metabolic control improves considerably once the patients apply the insulin into other skin areas...

..These results showed that pramlintide did not impair the symptom, catecholamine, and glucagon responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in healthy subjects...

..It requires an open discussion involving all relevant parties, including patients, about the types of clinical studies that are required...

..In summary, after the failure of inhaled insulin, oral insulin and buccal insulin are hot candidates to come to the market as the next alternative routes of insulin administration...

..This may have a greater impact on metabolic control than many of the new and expensive antidiabetic drugs...

..The aim of this study was to investigate the possible effect of atorvastatin on the decline of residual beta cell function in recent-onset type 1 diabetes...

..To date no means have been found that could lead to a clinically relevant reduction in the variable metabolic effect...

..Depending on the measurement technology used for the individual type of glucose monitoring system probably this phenomenon has a variable impact on the results obtained...

..Evaluation of postprandial glycemic excursions in patients with type 1 diabetes with three prandial insulins: VIAject™ (Linjeta™), an ultra-fast insulin (UFI); insulin lispro (LIS); and regular human insulin (RHI)...

..This depends on the application in which meters designed for self-monitoring of BG (SMBG) are used...

..g., comparing medications that are designed to control glycemia). Therefore, the use of CGM in clinical trials requires much more careful consideration than was initially thought...