Effects of omega-3 acid ethyl esters and aspirin, alone and in combination, on platelet function in healthy subjectsMark K Larson
Sanford Research USD, 1100 E 21st Street, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
Thromb Haemost 100:634-41. 2008
..Since previous studies have not reported a clinically significant risk for bleeding in subjects on combined therapy, P-OM3 may safely enhance the anti-platelet effect of aspirin...
Linoleic acid and coronary heart diseaseWilliam S Harris
Sanford Research USD, 1100 East 21st Street, Suite 700, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 79:169-71. 2008
..Thus, current recommendations to consume 5-10% of energy from LA are evidence-based, and should not be reduced...
- The omega-3 index: from biomarker to risk marker to risk factor
William S Harris
Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research USD and Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Suite 700, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
Curr Atheroscler Rep 11:411-7. 2009
..The omega-3 index appears to fulfill many of the requirements for a risk marker and, more importantly, for a risk factor...
- Omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids: partners in prevention
William Harris
Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota and Sanford Research USD, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57105, USA
Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 13:125-9. 2010
..Although most clinicians understand that the omega-3 FAs are beneficial, there have been calls in the popular press to reduce the intake of the omega-6 FAs because of presumed proinflammatory and prothrombotic effects...
- Towards establishing dietary reference intakes for eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids
William S Harris
Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research USD and Sanford School of Medicine at University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
J Nutr 139:804S-19S. 2009
....
- Biological variability of blood omega-3 biomarkers
William S Harris
Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research USD and Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
Clin Biochem 43:338-40. 2010
..We conducted a pilot study to estimate the biological variability and effects of a prior meal on the omega-3 fatty acid (FA) content of 3 blood FA pools...
- Intakes of long-chain omega-3 fatty acid associated with reduced risk for death from coronary heart disease in healthy adults
William S Harris
Metabolism and Nutrition Research Center, Sanford Research University of South Dakota, 1100 E 21st Street, Suite 700, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
Curr Atheroscler Rep 10:503-9. 2008
..We conclude, therefore, that an intake of 400 to 500 mg/d of EPA + DHA is achievable by diet alone and would be expected to significantly reduce risk for death from CHD in healthy adults...
- Stearidonic acid-enriched soybean oil increased the omega-3 index, an emerging cardiovascular risk marker
William S Harris
Sanford Research USD, 1100 East 21st Street, Suite 700, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
Lipids 43:805-11. 2008
..Since EPA supplementation has been shown to raise the omega-3 index and to lower risk for cardiac events, SDA-SBO may be a viable plant-based alternative for providing meaningful intakes of cardioprotective omega-3 FAs...
Changes in erythrocyte membrane trans and marine fatty acids between 1999 and 2006 in older AmericansWilliam S Harris
Sanford Research, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
J Nutr 142:1297-303. 2012
..7 y, the proportion of trans fatty acids in RBC decreased. Those of EPA+DHA increased in people taking fish oil supplements. These changes could potentially translate into a lower risk for cardiovascular disease...
- Clinical correlates and heritability of erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid content in the Framingham Heart Study
William S Harris
Sanford Research USD, 2301 E 60th St N, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
Atherosclerosis 225:425-31. 2012
..The objectives of this study were to define the relations between the omega-3 index and clinical factors and to determine the heritability of the omega-3 index...
- Red blood cell fatty acid patterns and acute coronary syndrome
Gregory C Shearer
Sanford Research USD, Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
PLoS ONE 4:e5444. 2009
....
- Effects of prescription niacin and omega-3 fatty acids on lipids and vascular function in metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial
Gregory C Shearer
Sanford Research USD, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
J Lipid Res 53:2429-35. 2012
..ERN and P-OM3 alone improved characteristics of metabolic syndrome; however, whereas subjects on combination therapy did not have improved vascular stiffness, TG and HDL levels improved as did certain lipoprotein subfractions...
- The omega-3 index as a risk factor for coronary heart disease
William S Harris
Metabolism and Nutrition Research Center, Sanford Research USD, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
Am J Clin Nutr 87:1997S-2002S. 2008
..Before assessment of n-3 FA biostatus can be used in routine clinical evaluation of patients, standardized laboratory methods and quality control materials must become available...
- The omega-3 index: clinical utility for therapeutic intervention
William S Harris
Cardiovascular Health Research Center Sanford Research USD, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104 0589, USA
Curr Cardiol Rep 12:503-8. 2010
..Using the Omega-3 Index in the design of clinical studies might allow for a more efficient use of research resources...
- Stearidonic acid as a 'pro-eicosapentaenoic acid'
William S Harris
Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
Curr Opin Lipidol 23:30-4. 2012
..Ocean-based supplies are limited, and so land-based sources are being sought. Stearidonic acid-fortified soybean oil may help to meet this demand...
- Stearidonic acid-enhanced soybean oil: a plant-based source of (n-3) fatty acids for foods
William S Harris
Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
J Nutr 142:600S-604S. 2012
..Thus, the consumption of foods containing SDA-enhanced soybean oil may be both a practical and sustainable approach to enriching tissues with beneficial (n-3) fatty acids...
- Myocardial infarction does not affect fatty-acid profiles in rats
Gregory C Shearer
Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research USD, 1100 E 21st St, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 81:411-6. 2009
..This finding suggests that differences between cases and controls have prognostic implications...
- Omega-3 fatty acids and coronary heart disease risk: clinical and mechanistic perspectives
William S Harris
Nutrition and Metabolic Disease Research, Sanford Research USD, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
Atherosclerosis 197:12-24. 2008
..Our focus is to review the potential mechanisms by which these fatty acids reduce cardiovascular disease risk...
- Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: a case for omega-3 index as a new risk factor
William S Harris
Nutrition and Metabolic Disease Research Institute, Sanford Research USD, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, 1400 West 22nd Street, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
Pharmacol Res 55:217-23. 2007
..For these and a number of other reasons, the omega-3 index compares very favourably with other risk factors for sudden cardiac death...
- New evidence for the cardiovascular benefits of long chain omega-3 fatty acids
Susan N Hansen
Nutrition and Metabolic Disease Research Institute, Sanford Research University of South Dakota, 1400 West 22nd Street, L 07, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
Curr Atheroscler Rep 9:434-40. 2007
..Finally, a supplementation study in cardiac surgery patients has demonstrated both the time course and extent of incorporation of LC n-3 FAs into the human heart...
- Blood eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids predict all-cause mortality in patients with stable coronary heart disease: the Heart and Soul study
James V Pottala
Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research USD and Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 3:406-12. 2010
..The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which baseline blood n-3 FA levels are associated with reduced risk for all-cause mortality in patients with stable coronary heart disease...
- Correcting the effects of -20 °C storage and aliquot size on erythrocyte fatty acid content in the Women's Health Initiative
James V Pottala
OmegaQuant LLC, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
Lipids 47:835-46. 2012
..The FA compositions of the degraded RBC samples from WHIMS were rehabilitated by application of regression calibration equations and multiple imputations, and these imputed datasets should be used in all future WHIMS studies...
- Tissue n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and risk for coronary heart disease events
William S Harris
Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
Atherosclerosis 193:1-10. 2007
..The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the published associations between risk for CHD events and tissue n-3 and n-6 FA composition...
- Blood omega-3 and trans fatty acids in middle-aged acute coronary syndrome patients
William S Harris
Sanford Research and School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
Am J Cardiol 99:154-8. 2007
..In conclusion, low blood EPA + DHA content is an independent predictor of increased risk for ACS, but higher blood trans FA content is not. Blood EPA + DHA may serve as a new, modifiable risk factor for ACS...
- Fish oil -- how does it reduce plasma triglycerides?
Gregory C Shearer
Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research USD, SD, USA
Biochim Biophys Acta 1821:843-51. 2012
..This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Triglyceride Metabolism and Disease...
- International recommendations for consumption of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids
William S Harris
Sanford Research USD, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57105, USA
J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 8:S50-2. 2007
..Fortification is perhaps the best long-term solution to the chronically-low intake of omega-3 fatty acids that plagues western cultures...
- n-3 Fatty acid fortification: opportunities and obstacles
William S Harris
Sanford Research/USD, Nutrition and Metabolic Disease Research Institute, Internal Medicine Department, Sanford School of Medicine of The University of South Dakota and Sioux Valley Hospitals and Health Systems, Sioux Falls, USA
Br J Nutr 97:593-5. 2007
- Omega-3 fatty acids prevent pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis through activation of cyclic GMP/protein kinase G signaling in cardiac fibroblasts
Jinghai Chen
Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research USD, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
Circulation 123:584-93. 2011
..The present study assessed the effects of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on cardiac fibrosis...
- The omega-6/omega-3 ratio and cardiovascular disease risk: uses and abuses
William S Harris
University of South Dakota, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Institute, South Dakota Health Research Foundation, 1400 West 22nd Street, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
Curr Atheroscler Rep 8:453-9. 2006
..Metrics that include the n-3 FAs alone, especially eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, appear to hold the greatest promise...
- Detection of omega-3 oxylipins in human plasma and response to treatment with omega-3 acid ethyl esters
Gregory C Shearer
Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research USD, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
J Lipid Res 51:2074-81. 2010
..The extent to which the beneficial cardiovascular effects of n-3 FAs are mediated by increased n-3 and/or reduced n-6 oxylipin levels remains to be explored...
- Expert opinion: omega-3 fatty acids and bleeding-cause for concern?
William S Harris
Sanford School of Medicine of University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57105, USA
Am J Cardiol 99:44C-46C. 2007
..As such, the benefits of triglyceride lowering with omega-3 fatty acids more than outweigh any theoretical risks for increased bleeding...
- Cardiovascular benefits of omega-3 fatty acids
Clemens von Schacky
Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik Innenstadt, Ludwig Maximilians Universitat Munchen, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D 80336 Munich, Germany
Cardiovasc Res 73:310-5. 2007
..As is the case now for LDL, in the future, the cardiac societies might very well recommend treatment with EPA and DHA to become goal oriented (e.g. an omega-3 index>8%)...
- You are what you eat applies to fish, too
William S Harris
J Am Diet Assoc 108:1131-3. 2008
- Conclusions and recommendations from the symposium, Beyond Cholesterol: Prevention and Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease with n-3 Fatty Acids
Richard J Deckelbaum
Institute of Human Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
Am J Clin Nutr 87:2010S-2S. 2008
..Additional references for these conclusions can be found in the articles included in the supplement...
- Cardiovascular risk and alpha-linolenic acid: can Costa Rica clarify?
William S Harris
Circulation 118:323-4. 2008
- n-3 Fatty acids and health: DaVinci's code
William S Harris
Am J Clin Nutr 88:595-6. 2008
- Fish oil supplementation: evidence for health benefits
William S Harris
Lipid and Diabetes Research Center, Mid America Heart Institute of Saint Luke s Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
Cleve Clin J Med 71:208-10, 212, 215-8 passim. 2004
..This article answers a series of questions that health care professionals often ask regarding fish oil, such as what are proper dosages, and are there risks of ingesting pollutants by eating more fish or using supplements?..
- Red blood cell docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid concentrations are positively associated with socioeconomic status in patients with established coronary artery disease: data from the Heart and Soul Study
Beth E Cohen
Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
J Nutr 138:1135-40. 2008
..Our results raise the possibility that (n-3) fatty acids may be an important mediating factor in the association between low SES and CVD...
- Omega-3 fatty acids for cardioprotection
John H Lee
Mid America Heart Institute and University of Missouri Kansas City, 4330 Wornall Road, Kansas City, MO 64111, USA
Mayo Clin Proc 83:324-32. 2008
..Blood DHA and EPA levels could one day be used to identify patients with deficient levels and to individualize therapeutic recommendations...
- Are omega-3 fatty acids the most important nutritional modulators of coronary heart disease risk?
William S Harris
St Luke s Mid America Heart Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, 4320 Wornall Road, Suite 128, Kansas City, MO 64111, USA
Curr Atheroscler Rep 6:447-52. 2004
..The strength of the n-3 story has now led to a proposal that blood levels of EPA plus DHA be considered a new, modifiable, and clinically relevant risk factor for death from CHD...
- Omega-3 fatty acids in cardiac biopsies from heart transplantation patients: correlation with erythrocytes and response to supplementation
William S Harris
Mid America Heart Institute, Saint Luke s Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
Circulation 110:1645-9. 2004
..The extent of incorporation has not been determined in humans...
- Triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein margination: a potential surrogate for whole-body lipoprotein lipase activity and effects of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids
Yongsoon Park
Lipid and Diabetes Research Center, Saint Luke's Hospital, and The University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, 64111, USA
Am J Clin Nutr 80:45-50. 2004
..The increases in MVs with EPA and DHA supplementation suggest that these fatty acids may increase the amount of endothelial-bound LpL or its affinity for TRL...
- The Omega-3 Index: a new risk factor for death from coronary heart disease?
William S Harris
Lipid and Diabetes Research Center, Mid America Heart Institute of Saint Luke s Hospital, University of Missouri KC School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64111, USA
Prev Med 39:212-20. 2004
..Red blood cell (RBC) fatty acid (FA) composition reflects long-term intake of EPA + DHA. We propose that the RBC EPA + DHA (hereafter called the Omega-3 Index) be considered a new risk factor for death from CHD...
- n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease
Dennis W T Nilsen
Am J Clin Nutr 79:166. 2004
- Preventive use of N-3 fatty acids
William S Harris
Circulation 108:e139; author reply e139. 2003
- Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease
Penny M Kris-Etherton
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23:e20-30. 2003
- Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: new recommendations from the American Heart Association
Penny M Kris-Etherton
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23:151-2. 2003
- Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation accelerates chylomicron triglyceride clearance
Yongsoon Park
Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
J Lipid Res 44:455-63. 2003
..The results suggest that omega-3 FA supplementation accelerates chylomicron TG clearance by increasing LPL activity, and that EPA and DHA are equally effective...
- Cardiovascular disease and long-chain omega-3 fatty acids
William S Harris
Lipid and Diabetes Research Center, Saint Luke s Hospital, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, 64111, USA
Curr Opin Lipidol 14:9-14. 2003
..Of all known dietary factors, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids may be the most protective against death from coronary heart disease. New evidence has confirmed and refined the cardioprotective role of these fatty acids...
- n-3 Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce risk of coronary heart disease death: extending the evidence to the elderly
William S Harris
Am J Clin Nutr 77:279-80. 2003
- The impact of age, body mass index, and fish intake on the EPA and DHA content of human erythrocytes
Scott A Sands
Mid America Heart Institute, Saint Luke's Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri 64111, USA
Lipids 40:343-7. 2005
..Given the importance of n-3 FA in influencing risk for death from CHD, further studies are warranted to delineate the nondietary factors that influence RBC EPA + DHA content...
- Extending the cardiovascular benefits of omega-3 Fatty acids
William S Harris
Lipid and Diabetes Research Center, Mid America Heart Institute, Saint Luke s Health System, Kansas City, MO 64111, USA
Curr Atheroscler Rep 7:375-80. 2005
..If intakes of the latter are adequate (perhaps over 250 mg/d), then there appears to be little need to consume more ALA or less LA...
- UK Food Standards Agency Workshop Report: the effects of the dietary n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio on cardiovascular health
John C Stanley
Trinity College and St Hugh s College, Oxford, UK
Br J Nutr 98:1305-10. 2007
..Other markers of fatty acid intake, that more closely relate to physiological function, may be more useful...
- Effects of moderate variations in the macronutrient content of the diet on cardiovascular disease risk factors in obese patients with the metabolic syndrome
Fulvio Muzio
Clinical Nutrition Unit, G Salvini Hospital, Garbagnate Milanese, Milan, Italy
Am J Clin Nutr 86:946-51. 2007
..Even if there is full agreement that lifestyle changes to induce weight loss are the first-line approach, the ideal diet for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome remains uncertain...
- Cardiovascular risk and the omega-3 index
Clemens von Schacky
Preventive Cardiology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik Innenstadt, Ludwig Maximilians Universitat Munchen, Munich, Germany
J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 8:S46-9. 2007
..Cardiac societies recommend EPA + DHA for prevention of SCD. The omega-3 index can assess risk for SCD and monitor therapy with EPA + DHA. Moreover, it compares very favourably with other risk factors for SCD...
- Stearidonic acid increases the red blood cell and heart eicosapentaenoic acid content in dogs
William S Harris
Mid America Heart Institute, Saint Luke s Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
Lipids 42:325-33. 2007
..Compared to dietary EPA, SDA was 20-23% as efficient in raising tissue EPA levels. In conclusion, SDA supplementation increased the EPA content of RBC and heart and may have utility as a plant-based source of omega-3 FA...
- Risks and benefits of fish intake
Michel Lucas
JAMA 297:585; author reply 586. 2007
- Tissue omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio and risk for coronary artery disease
William S Harris
Department of Medicine, Mid America Heart Institute of Saint Luke s Health System, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
Am J Cardiol 98:19i-26i. 2006
..Tissue EPA + DHA appears to be the best fatty acid metric for evaluating for CAD risk...
- n-3 fatty acid dietary recommendations and food sources to achieve essentiality and cardiovascular benefits
Sarah K Gebauer
Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Am J Clin Nutr 83:1526S-1535S. 2006
..Foods enriched with EPA and DHA or fish oil supplements are a suitable alternate to achieve recommended intakes and may be necessary to achieve intakes of 1 g/d...
- Why do omega-3 fatty acids lower serum triglycerides?
William S Harris
Mid America Heart Institute, Saint Luke s Health System, USA
Curr Opin Lipidol 17:387-93. 2006
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- n-3 Fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not alpha-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and secondary-prevention studies: a systematic review
Chenchen Wang
Tufts-New England Medical Center Evidence-based Practice Center, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
Am J Clin Nutr 84:5-17. 2006
..The evidence for the benefits of fish oil is stronger in secondary- than in primary-prevention settings. Adverse effects appear to be minor...
- Hypertriglyceridemia: management of atherogenic dyslipidemia
Thomas Bersot
Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
J Fam Pract 55:S1-8. 2006
..Fibrates, niacin, and omega-3 acid ethyl esters are highly effective at reducing triglycerides, while statins are considered moderately efficacious (SOR: A)...
- Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee
Alice H Lichtenstein
Circulation 114:82-96. 2006
..By adhering to these diet and lifestyle recommendations, Americans can substantially reduce their risk of developing cardiovascular disease, which remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States...
- Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease
Penny M Kris-Etherton
Circulation 106:2747-57. 2002
