Rainer H Straub

..This combination leads to a net increase of the systemic fluid volume, which is hypothesized to be the basis of essential hypertension (prevalence in adults 22-32%)...

..The study was initiated to fill this gap and to study effects of interleukin (IL)-1β/tumor necrosis factor (TNF) on rhythmicity in synovial fibroblasts of RA and OA patients...

..Furthermore, in analogy to invading tumors, synovial fibroblasts start invading and degrading cartilage, thereby generating extracellular matrix debris that can further activate integrins...

..We analyzed survivin expression in osteoarthritic cartilage and its function in primary human chondrocytes in vitro...

..Androgens were differentially converted to pro- and anti-inflammatory steroid hormones via diverse pathways...

..In this study, we focused on noradrenergic and TNF regulation of human neutrophil peptides 1-3 (HNP1-3), which are proinflammatory bactericidal alpha-defensins...

..This study was initiated to investigate the association between defined genetic markers and RA in a Slovak population. In contrast to recent studies, we included intensively-characterized osteoarthritis (OA) patients as controls...

..Such an unfavorable situation is a perpetuating factor for inflammation...

..Activation of the sympathetic nervous system and also the resting sympathetic nervous tone are important for controlling innate and adaptive immune responses...

..It also explains that a uniform concept as to the action of estrogens cannot be found for all inflammatory diseases due to the enormous variable responses of immune and repair systems...

..As in chronic inflammatory diseases, during an acute inflammatory response with endotoxin, these physiological hormone changes are probably necessary to achieve adequate cortisol levels at the expense of adrenal androgens...

..In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), patients demonstrate low levels of adrenal hormones...

..To investigate the density of sympathetic nerve fibers in and the metabolic activation of fat tissue surrounding human synovium in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)/osteoarthritis (OA) and in the draining lymph nodes of arthritic and normal mice...

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..In contrast, endogenous opioids such as the recently discovered endomorphins (EMs) are antiinflammatory. However, the role of endogenous EMs such as EM-1 and EM-2 has never been investigated in OA and RA...

..We undertook this study to investigate the predictive value of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hormones for clinical improvement during anti-TNF therapy...

..Because patients who have rheumatoid arthritis most often present in the chronic phase of the disease, support of anti-inflammatory sympathetic pathways can be a promising therapeutic option...

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..These considerations could lead to novel therapeutic strategies for rheumatic diseases in the future...

..This review attempts to integrate the different perspectives of the pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of the SNS on inflammatory disease of the gut...

..This study investigated the influence on steroidogenesis of an interleukin-6 (IL-6)-neutralizing strategy using IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibodies (referred to as MRA)...

..In the said two chronic inflammatory diseases, it is obvious that apart from the immune system also the endocrine and nervous system play an essential role in the stress-induced initiation and aggravation of these diseases...

..We propose that the presented pathophysiological framework may lead to new therapeutical approaches and to a better understanding of CID sequence...

..It is characterized by periodic fever, arthralgia, abdominal pain, myalgia, headache, and skin lesions...

..These results show the dual role of the sympathetic nervous system in sepsis. It can be favorable or unfavorable, depending on the innate immune effector mechanisms necessary to overcome infection...

..Since tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alters production of these hormones, we investigated changes of these hormones during anti-TNF antibody (anti-TNF) therapy with adalimumab in longstanding RA...

..In the intestinal tract, the role of sympathetic neurotransmitters has been largely ignored in mucosal neuroimmunology...

..In CIDs, a continuous energy appeal reaction triggers systemic detrimental consequences for the rest of the body...

..It might well be that nerve repellent factors specific for the sympathetic nerve fiber might play an important role for the observed differential loss. Whether, or not, a therapy can be based on these findings remains to be established...

..Beyond local effects, anti-TNF treatment may modulate systemic antiinflammatory pathways such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This longitudinal anti-TNF therapy study was designed to assess these effects in RA patients...

..Acute stress in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) should stimulate a strong stress response. After cryotherapy, we expected to observe an increase of hormones of the adrenal gland and the sympathetic nervous system...

..Since androgens inhibit IL6 secretion, the activity-induced increase of these hormones might be an anti-atherogenic signal...

..This suggests that activation of the sympathetic nervous system may be a forerunner for accumulation of bacteria in tissue and consecutively sepsis due to intensified inhibition of TNF-alpha secretion...

..To investigate the pituitary and adrenal hormone response after an intravenous epinephrine challenge in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and controls...

..Moreover, hyperexcitability of sensory nerves due to peripheral and central neuronal sensitization can support the local inflammatory process...

..This study aimed to identify the role of sympathetic neurotransmitters in splenic secretion of IFNgamma and KC shortly after the onset of CIA...

..It is discussed how the uncoupling of the two anti-inflammatory stress axes can appear...

..The importance of DHEAS deficiency will be demonstrated with respect to osteoporosis. As a consequence, we suggest a combined therapy with corticosteroids plus DHEA in chronic inflammatory diseases...

..This study further expands our earlier description of the complexity of the local dialogue of sympathetic nerves and macrophages in lymphoid organs...

..CBG serum levels are typically low during prolonged inflammatory processes. Thus, observed changes of cortisol during anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) treatment may be related to changes of CBG in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)...

..Furthermore, the behaviour of serum levels of these hormones during an acute inflammatory stressful disease state is not well known...

..These findings may explain the close association of nerves and macrophages in tissue and lymphoid organs and may thus be of functional relevance in neuroimmunomodulation...

..As IL-6 may be a pathogenetic factor in age-related diseases, HRT-related inhibition of IL-6 secretion could be an important element for the favorable effects of HRT in postmenopausal women...

..Immunosenescence may be directly related to endocrinosenescence, which, in turn, may be a significant cofactor for the manifestation of inflammatory and age-related diseases...

..Importantly, blastocyst implantation and embryogenesis are NOLTIES. We hypothesized that factors relevant in blastocyst implantation and embryogenesis are also found in active tissue inflammation of a CID...

..To determine the relationship between the antiinflammatory molecule interleukin 10 (IL-10) and disease symptoms, IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR)...

..This study investigated the influence of neuronally released neurotransmitters on IFN-γ, KC (CXCL1), IL-6, and TGF-β in spleen of mice shortly after outbreak of collagen type II-induced arthritis...

..Furthermore, it is demonstrated that chronic inflammatory diseases may accelerate the aging process. This review also reveals that new statistical and computational methods are necessary to unravel the complexity of the aging process...

..05). Autonomic hyperreflexia was significantly associated with more severe inflammation and systemic disease in IBD. Hyperreflexia may be a response to inflammation or a pathogenetic element that drives mucosal inflammation...

..These considerations might help to deviate focus from pure anti-inflammatory treatment to adequate diagnosis and therapy of systemic disease sequelae...

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..Substance P (SP) is a pro-inflammatory neuropeptide in colitis, whereas sympathetic neurotransmitters are anti-inflammatory at high concentrations. Aim and..

..The aim of this study was to investigate the role of neuropilin-2 in the synovial tissue of patients with RA and patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and in experimental arthritis...

..The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the SNS on late-stage chronic arthritis in mice with type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA)...

..The presence of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells in RA and osteoarthritis (OA) has been determined, but the role of these cells in inflammation is still unclear...

..It is obvious that CRF can regulate autonomic reflexes. Possibly, central CRF status may also influence autonomic reflexes during chronic inflammation due to chronically changed central CRF concentration...

..This study corroborates the idea that splenic sympathetic nerves are able to inhibit important activators of the innate immune system when stimulation happens very early or even prior to their induction by LPS...

..These results underscore that coupling of an efficient secretion of systemic cortisol together with local production of NE is important in order to lower synovial inflammation...

..This study was undertaken to investigate the presence of different semaphorins in synovial tissue of patients with RA, patients with osteoarthritis (OA), and control subjects without inflammation...

..NE secretion of TH+ cells may be an antiinflammatory mechanism to counteract local inflammation. Thus, TH+ cell derived NE can be an important local factor of immunomodulation in synovial inflammation...

..We aimed to identify a serum marker of the sympathetic nervous system, the adrenal chromogranin A (CHGA), in order to study sympathetic hyperactivity in RA and SLE...

..Sympathetic hyperactivity may be a common denominator for low levels of DHEAS in inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases...

..The aim of the present study was to determine whether CD4+CD25+ T cells are influenced by the SNS of mice and play a disease-modifying role in the early symptomatic phase of the disease...

..To explore the role of heat shock protein-90 (HSP-90) for nitrergic vasorelaxation in the splanchnic circulation in rats with and without portal hypertension...

..To study in parallel the outflow of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis tone in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA)...

..The aim of this study was to investigate whether hormones such as cortisol or other steroids can influence integrin expression and function in the synovial cells of patients with RA...

..Thus, in rheumatoid patients on glucocorticoids with generally decreased muscle mass anti-TNF treatment with adalimumab has favourable effects...

..Leptin is stimulated by TNF and is associated with hypoandrogenicity in non-inflammatory conditions...

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..Patients with a poor test result in the Ewing test and PAD might have an increased risk of death. This study in RA patients demonstrates similar results as in patients with diabetes mellitus...

..Steroid hormone receptors such as glucocorticoid receptors, androgen receptors, and oestrogen receptors alpha (ERalpha) and beta (ERbeta) have been identified in synovial cells of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis...

..These experiments demonstrate the ambiguity of NPY, which functions as a cotransmitter of NE in the nerve-macrophage interplay...

..In both diseases, cortisol levels remain relatively stable at the expense of other adrenal hormones. This study revealed distinct changes of steroid pathways that are related to the disease entities...

..This study underlines the proinflammatory role of E2, which is probably dependent on conversion to a proinflammatory cocktail of downstream estrogens and the presence of cortisol...

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..Consequently, anti-TNF strategies may also exert their positive effects by increasing tissue androgens...

..Finally, the hypothesis is introduced that the sympathetic nervous system via modulating B-cell function, e.g., antibody production, influences the development and progression of RA...

..Neuroendocrine factors are hypothesized to play an important role both in RA and OA etiology. Here, we discuss these findings and present an outlook for genetic association studies after GWAS...

..This study underlines the hormone-like role of IL-6 in the aging process of the endocrine system in women...

..The study demonstrates two different beta-adrenergic effects on IL-6 secretion of murine spleen slices under bacteria-rich or bacteria-free conditions...

..The inter-relationship between PRL and symptoms or duration of morning stiffness may be more a sign of central nervous system involvement, as it can be observed in people with depressed mood or under psychological stress...

..BDNF may have a stimulatory role on growth of sympathetic in relation to SP(+) sensory nerve fibres in Co and OA, but not in RA...

..In conclusion, exposure to chronic psycho-social stress increases the severity of acute DSS colitis, an effect which is, at least partly, mediated by adrenal mechanisms...

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..Long-lasting (chronic) stress may lead to proinflammatory effects because no adequate long-term responses of stress axes (anti-inflammatory) are to be expected...

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..Individual, clinical course-specific new treatment schemes would be highly desirable for different potentially divergent pathophysiological pathways (e.g., fistula vs stenosis)...

..To determine the relationship between serum levels of B cell activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF) and disease activity (DAS28) in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients...

..We show how leptin can be a link between the adipose tissue and inflammation...

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..Therefore, we investigated its role for vascular reactivity in the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) of portal vein ligated (PVL) and sham operated rats...

..This effect is abrogated by low concentrations of IL-1beta. In the absence of IL-1beta or after neutralization of IL-1beta, steroid hormones might be favorable adjuvant compounds to optimize cartilage integration...

..This study was carried out to investigate the expression patterns of the MC system and the effects of alpha-MSH in human articular chondrocytes...