S Moritz

..We hypothesized an excess of the truth effect in schizophrenia, which may play a role in the maintenance of the disorder, particularly relating to positive symptoms...

..Completion (82%) and re-test reliability of the instruments (r = .72-.87) were good. The results of this trial suggest that online treatment can be beneficial for people with depression, particularly for those with moderate symptoms...

..We advise researchers to pay closer attention to possible confounds that may mediate the relationship between OCD and neurocognition. Limitations of the study are discussed...

..In line with prior research, it was expected that low QoL in OCD patients would be most pronounced for the emotional and social aspects of the construct...

..The aim of the present study was to test a central assumption of the LA account: false alarms in schizophrenia should be particularly increased when the distractor-target resemblance is weak relative to a control group...

..In conclusion, the present study does not support the idea that a generalized bias to "miss the forest for the trees" forms part of the vulnerability to OCD...

..e., appears as non-self), autonomous (i.e., beyond subjective control), authentic (i.e., appears like a real voice)) can reliably discriminate real versus imagined voices...

..Finally, blockwise instead of random item administration and greater consideration of individual relevance may be crucial prerequisites for the effect to emerge...

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..In contrast, group differences in recognition performance did not significantly affect salience ratings. Results indicate that salience modulates MCM and may account for discrepancies in the literature...

..While successful treatment sometimes positively impacts well-being, in some studies symptom decline did not translate into improved QoL...

..We summarize new evidence on cognitive biases thought to trigger or maintain positive symptoms in schizophrenia and present a new therapeutic intervention...

..We have recently proposed a liberal acceptance (LA) bias to account for decision-making biases in schizophrenia, which claims that under heightened ambiguity the jump to conclusions (JTC) bias is abolished in schizophrenia...

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..We propose that a lowered threshold for accepting alternatives provides a parsimonious explanation for the data-gathering bias reported in the literature...

..Knowledge corruption is theorized to be a potential risk factor for the emergence of delusions...

..The present study suggests that a BADE is a core feature of schizophrenia, and that this style of thinking is not confined to delusion-congruent scenarios...

..To date, the profile of this putative attentional bias in schizophrenia (e.g., automatic vs. controlled; hypervigilance towards vs. problems to disengage from such stimuli) is not fully uncovered...

..It remains to be tested whether a bias towards local features is confined to situations where local and global features compete for selection...

..In contrast, increments in doubt were solely related to activation in the superior posterior parietal cortex. To conclude, the study provides some evidence for dissociable systems for confidence and doubt...

..However, the empirical basis for this assumption is inconsistent...

..g., box), or paranoia-related (e.g., spy). No evidence for an attentional bias in OCD checkers was found. This study is in accordance with previous studies, which were unable to detect attentional biases in OCD patients...

..Results are consistent with the notion that participants with OCD show both inflated levels of (authentic) responsibility and latent aggression...

..We claim that research should move forward from the mere study of objective impairment to the assessment of cognitive performance in conjunction with personality traits such as inflated responsibility...

..A recently developed group program, called metacognitive training (MCT), is presented targeting these biases. MCT is a hybrid of psychoeducation, cognitive remediation and cognitive-behavioural therapy...

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..Longitudinal studies with at-risk sample are needed to assess the relationship between problems with anger expression as well as (exaggerated) moral standards in OCD...

..No differences occurred on the PANSS. The present study confirms prior reports that MCT exerts beneficial effects on some cognitive and symptomatic parameters...

..The present study investigated whether OET would not only manifest in cognitive distortions but, also in overestimations of the object size of disorder-related visual objects...

..Despite methodological limitations, the present study asserts that the effectiveness of DC, previously shown for trichotillomania, extends to nail-biting...

..Our group has gathered preliminary evidence for the efficacy of a novel self-help approach entitled association splitting (AS) aimed at the reduction of obsessions...

..Still, we deem a psychological understanding more fruitful that looks at dysfunctional coping strategies and false beliefs as mechanisms for the persistence and pervasiveness of obsessive thoughts...

..Despite some methodological limitations and the need for replication including follow-up and expert ratings, the present study suggests that DC may prove beneficial to a substantial number of individuals affected with TTM...

..The present study may serve as a starting point for further research investigating how stress translates vulnerability into acute paranoia and to pinpoint cognitive risk factors that can be modified by treatment...

..A new training approach is described that is intended to sharpen patients' awareness of such errors and reduce confidence in fallible memories. Some empirical gaps and directions for further research are outlined...

..OCD patients responded significantly slower to targets that were preceded by an OCD-relevant cue. Results lend support to the claim that OCD patients share a processing abnormality for concern-related visual material...

..Cognitive biases, especially jumping to conclusions (JTC), are ascribed a vital role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. This study set out to explore motivational factors for JTC using a newly developed paradigm...

..In our view, the disinhibition account faces theoretical problems. Instead, theories implicating cognitive biases as well as metacognitive problems may more parsimoniously explain the idiosyncratic nature of OCD symptoms...

..Our results suggest that OCD is not associated with a knowledge deficit regarding OCD-related events but that patients feel personally more vulnerable than nonclinical controls...

..Group differences were not accounted for by comorbid depression and may be linked to the pathogenesis of OCD...

..A number of cognitive biases have been associated with delusions in schizophrenia. It is yet unresolved whether these biases are independent or represent different sides of the same coin...

..Distorted metacognitive beliefs are increasingly considered in theoretical models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, so far no consensus has emerged regarding the specific metacognitive profile of OCD...

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..Psychiatry Research 51 (1994) 203-211]...

..The major deficit in both schizophrenic and depressive patients is inferred to be the capability to learn...

..Although anxiety control patients failed to display robust backward inhibition, group comparisons did not reach significance. Implications for future research are discussed...

..It is concluded that neurocognitive impairment does not represent a reliable early warning sign for non-response to CBT...

..Moreover, patients with high HRSD scores exhibited deficits on a (creative) verbal fluency task. It is suggested that comorbid depressive symptoms may have artificially inflated some executive deficit scores in previous studies...

..Previous findings reporting correlations between negative symptomatology and neurocognition may have been confounded by the adverse consequences of typical neuroleptics...

..Medication, comorbid depression, and OCD severity did not consistently moderate these effects...

..Results were not moderated by sociodemographic background variables, psychomotor slowing and psychopathological symptoms other than thought disorder...

..Results of study 2 are in line with context-sensitive models which claim that after the initial activation of all meanings of a homograph a context-guided process leads to a suppression of context-irrelevant homograph information...

..Reasons for decreased sensitivity of self-reported and clinician-assessed neurocognitive functioning are discussed...

..It is suggested that neuropsychological disturbances occur early in schizophrenia and do not worsen in the course beyond age-related decrement. Possible reasons why previous research has produced contradictory findings are discussed...

..These findings should help clinicians better understand cognitive side effects and facilitate decision making regarding changes to individual patient's psychopharmacotherapy...

..It is suggested that prior research overestimated the severity and significance of visuospatial and nonverbal memory impairment in OCD...

..It needs to be evaluated whether these at-risk individuals benefit from additional intervention, such as the adminstration of low-dose atypical neuroleptics and specifically tailored behavorial intervention...

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..63), particularly for obsessions (d= .69). Medium to strong differences emerged for the OCI-R (d = .70) and the BDI-SF (d = .50). The investigation provides the first evidence for the effectiveness of the myMCT for OCD...

..It deserves further consideration, that emotional interference effects in OCD as seen in other anxiety disorders occur when using idiosyncratic word material with a direct relation to the individual's primary concerns...

..Similar to findings collected in elderly participants, patients, but not controls, showed a strong positive correlation between the number of recognized studied items and false-positive recognition of the critical lure...

..005). It is suggested that the exploration and treatment of neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia is of great clinical importance with regard to its impact on both functional and symptomatic outcome in schizophrenia...

..The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of negative priming and schizotypal personality using a Stroop-version of the paradigm...

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..It is proposed that reliance on false knowledge represents a candidate mechanism for the emergence of fixed false beliefs (i.e., delusions)...

..To account for the inconclusive pattern of results in the literature, it is suggested that patients mistrust their memories and adopt checking rituals only when perceived responsibility is inflated...

..Our results confirm the relevance of childhood trauma in schizophrenic patients but also demonstrate the need to develop appropriate methodologies for measuring dissociation in this population...

..The present work suggests that deficits in reasoning may contribute to the maintenance of delusions via an impairment in the processing of disconfirmatory evidence...

..A reduced distinction between correct and incorrect information in metacognition is proposed to be a vulnerability factor for the development of delusions in schizophrenia...

..The decreased confidence gap in patients is thought to stem from a gist-based recollection strategy, whereby little evidence suffices to make a strong judgment...

..In marked contrast to a Kraepelinian view of schizophrenia, the present data confirm previous studies conducted with objective neuropsychological tests that schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental rather than a neurodegenerative disorder...

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..Using generic instruments, several studies have confirmed severely impaired health-related QoL in patients diagnosed with OCD. However, there has been a dearth of research on illness-specific QoL...

..The latter bias was ameliorated by higher doses of neuroleptics. CONCLUSIONS: It is inferred that a core cognitive deficit underlying schizophrenia is a failure to distinguish false from true mnestic contents...

..Data indicate that hyper-priming is not confined to lexical decision tasks. Possible reasons why several studies have failed to replicate greater priming in TD schizophrenic patients are discussed...

..In sum, participants were normal in their subjective estimates of OCD-relevant events, and there was no evidence for a heightened maintenance of false beliefs...

..The primary aim of the present study was to investigate whether currently deluded and non-deluded schizophrenic patients perform differently on three tasks tapping probabilistic reasoning...

..Overestimation of threat (OET) is ascribed a pathogenetic role in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)...

..The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether dissociation is a predictor of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) outcome in patients with OCD...

..The leading hypotheses were: (1) affective symptoms, especially depression and anxiety, are mostly associated with QOL longitudinally and (2) in the acute phase, QOL is also associated with positive schizophrenia symptoms...

..This randomized double-blind multicenter trial evaluated the effects of olanzapine vs. clozapine on subjective well-being, quality of life (QOL) and clinical outcome...

..It was hypothesised that patients with greater self- and expert-rated insight into illness report lower QOL compared to patients with poor insight...

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..It is concluded that the assessment of subjective well-being under antipsychotic treatment provides an independent outcome measure which is relevant to compliance...

..Results strongly suggest that reduced negative priming in schizophrenics may not be due to reduced cognitive inhibition but mirrors perceptual deficits...

..The main aim of the present study was to assess the impact of baseline SUD and course of SUD on remission of positive symptoms...

..The present article addresses guidelines for the conversion from conventional to atypical neuroleptics in inpatient and outpatient settings...

..32; p=0.001) and BPRS resistance (r=0.25; p=0.011), to aggression at admission (r=0.70; p<0.001) and to involuntary treatment (r=0.55; p<0.001). The CGI-A retains high construct and face validity in retrospective trials...

..However, hypotheses regarding differentiating emotional content were not supported. Implications for our theoretical understanding of PTSD and potential therapeutic interventions are discussed...

..The influence of attention, verbal intelligence, and depression was investigated. Our findings suggest that both verbal and nonverbal memory are compromised in PTSD...

..However, studies published so far have produced conflicting results. The present study examined whether PDs affect treatment outcome in patients with OCD...

..We observed the characteristic neuronal correlates of the EEM, in particular enhanced activity in the amygdala and hippocampus, which provides evidence for an arousal-driven EEM in the amygdala as proposed by the modulation hypothesis...

..This study aimed to evaluate whether certain OCD symptom dimensions were associated with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) outcome...

..Nevertheless, it is recommended that future PTSD research should devote more care to the order in which trauma-related and other dependent variables such as cognitive tests are presented to participants...

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..Integration of Disconfirmatory Evidence was the only factor that correlated with delusion-content subscales of the SPQ, providing support for the contribution of a BADE to delusional ideation...

..The domains of cognitive function that are impaired after blockade of MR in men, that is, selective attention, visuospatial memory, and mental flexibility/set shifting appear to be remarkably similar to those described in animal studies...

..1). According to norm values, memory performance was unimpaired in most OCD patients. The present findings further challenge a broad account of the "memory deficit" hypothesis of OCD and compulsive checking, respectively...

..This result is discussed in the context of the cognitive underpinnings of the KIA effect and delusion formation...