Research Topics
| M KretzlerSummaryAffiliation: University of Munich Country: Germany Publications
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Detail Information
Publications
Detection of multiple vascular endothelial growth factor splice isoforms in single glomerular podocytesM Kretzler
Medizinische Poliklinik and Physiologisches Institut, Universitat Munchen, Germany
Kidney Int Suppl 67:S159-61. 1998..Our approach should allow a semiquantitative, isoform-specific evaluation of VEGF mRNA expression in podocytes during nephrogenesis and in glomerular disease...- Repuncturing the renal biopsy: strategies for molecular diagnosis in nephrologyMatthias Kretzler
Medizinische Poliklinik, University of Munich, Schillerstrasse 42, 80336 Munich, Germany
J Am Soc Nephrol 13:1961-72. 2002..It is hoped that this outlook will lead to stimulating discussions and the implementation of these innovative ideas in nephrology... - Regulation of adhesive interaction between podocytes and glomerular basement membraneMatthias Kretzler
Medizinische Poliklinik, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Microsc Res Tech 57:247-53. 2002..Examining podocyte function in tissue culture, animal models and human expression studies should allow further detailed dissection of the molecular pathways responsible for maintenance and failure of the glomerular filtration barrier... - Altering glomerular epithelial function in vitro using transient and stable transfectionM Kretzler
Medical Poliklinik, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
J Nephrol 14:211-9. 2001..The insight gained through these and comparable systems should allow a detailed dissection of the molecular pathways active in GEC function and failure... - The apoptosis mediator mDAP-3 is a novel member of a conserved family of mitochondrial proteinsT Berger
Medizinische Poliklinik and Physiologische Chemie, Universitat Munchen, Germany
J Cell Sci 113:3603-12. 2000..These data identify mDAP-3 as one of the first proapoptotic factors in the mitochondrial matrix and provide evidence for a critical, evolutionary conserved role of members of the DAP-3 protein family for mitochondrial biogenesis... - Chemokine and chemokine receptor expression during initiation and resolution of immune complex glomerulonephritisH J Anders
Nephrological Center, Medical Policlinic, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
J Am Soc Nephrol 12:919-31. 2001..After initiating GN, MCP-1 and RANTES and their receptors are readily downregulated... - Expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR1 in human glomerular diseasesS Segerer
Medizinische Poliklinik Innenstadt, University of Munich, Germany
Kidney Int 69:1765-73. 2006..CXCR1 might be involved in the recruitment of PMNs to the glomerular tuft, which could be targeted by CXCR1-blocking agents... - Viral double-stranded RNA aggravates lupus nephritis through Toll-like receptor 3 on glomerular mesangial cells and antigen-presenting cellsPrashant S Patole
Nephrological Center, Medical Policlinic, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
J Am Soc Nephrol 16:1326-38. 2005..g., glomerular mesangial cells, to produce cytokines and chemokines, factors that can aggravate autoimmune tissue injury, e.g., lupus nephritis... - Gene expression profiling analysis in nephrology: towards molecular definition of renal diseaseYoshinari Yasuda
Nephrologische Zentrum, Medizinische Poliklinik, Ludwig Maximilians Universtaet, Schillerstrasse 42, D 80336, Munich, Germany
Clin Exp Nephrol 10:91-8. 2006..Finally, an outlook towards the emerging proteomic studies of renal disease will be given... 
Comparative promoter analysis allows de novo identification of specialized cell junction-associated proteinsClemens D Cohen
Medizinische Poliklinik, University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:5682-7. 2006..Nephrin, ZO-1, and cadherin-5 mRNA showed stringent coexpression across a diverse set of human glomerular diseases. Comparative promoter analysis can identify regulatory pathways at work in tissue homeostasis and disease processes...- Molecular approaches to chronic kidney diseaseHolger Schmid
Medizinische Poliklinik, , Munich, Germany
Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 15:123-9. 2006..Reflecting the individuality of the disease process could result in a tailored therapy for the unique human being, contrasting with the 'one-size-fits-all' therapies currently employed in nephrology... - Differential expression of profibrotic and growth factors in chronic allograft nephropathyHilary Hotchkiss
Pediatric Nephrology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
Transplantation 81:342-9. 2006..Immunopathologic examination of biopsies revealed strong TGF-beta but decreased glomerular VEGF expression in CAN. CONCLUSION: Microarrays might be an important tool to uncover the mechanisms of multifactorial diseases, such as CAN... - Novel role of toll-like receptor 3 in hepatitis C-associated glomerulonephritisMarkus Wornle
Medical Policlinic, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munchen, Germany
Am J Pathol 168:370-85. 2006..Thus, TLR3 expression on renal cells, and especially MCs, may establish a link between viral infections and glomerular diseases... - Toll-like receptor-4: renal cells and bone marrow cells signal for neutrophil recruitment during pyelonephritisPrashant S Patole
Medizinische Poliklinik Innenstadt, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Kidney Int 68:2582-7. 2005..Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) mutant mice infected with uropathogenic Escherichia coli lack renal CXCL2 mRNA expression, subsequent neutrophil recruitment, and renal abscess formation... - Toll-like receptor-7 modulates immune complex glomerulonephritisRahul D Pawar
Nephrological Center, Medical Policlinic, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
J Am Soc Nephrol 17:141-9. 2006.... - Expression of gremlin, a bone morphogenetic protein antagonist, in human diabetic nephropathyVincent Dolan
Department of Medicine, The Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
Am J Kidney Dis 45:1034-9. 2005..We report the induction of gremlin, a bone morphogenetic protein antagonist, in cultured human mesangial cells exposed to high glucose and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) levels in vitro and kidneys from diabetic rats in vivo... - Sam68-like mammalian protein 2, identified by digital differential display as expressed by podocytes, is induced in proteinuria and involved in splice site selection of vascular endothelial growth factorClemens D Cohen
Medizinische Poliklinik, Ludwig Maximilians University, Pettenkoferstrasse 8a, Munich, 80336, Germany
J Am Soc Nephrol 16:1958-65. 2005..SLM-2-dependent VEGF splicing indicates the importance of mRNA splice site selection for glomerular filtration barrier function... - BK virus associated nephropathy in native kidneys of a heart allograft recipientHolger Schmid
Nephrologisches Zentrum Niedersachsen, , Germany
Am J Transplant 5:1562-8. 2005..In conclusion, polyomavirus reactivation in native kidneys of heart transplant recipients can cause significant renal impairment and should be considered in the differential diagnosis in this patient cohort... - Formation and phosphorylation of the PINCH-1-integrin linked kinase-alpha-parvin complex are important for regulation of renal glomerular podocyte adhesion, architecture, and survivalYanqiang Yang
707B Scaife Hall, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
J Am Soc Nephrol 16:1966-76. 2005..These results provide important evidence for a crucial role of the PINCH-1-ILK-alpha-parvin complex in the control of podocyte adhesion, morphology, and survival... - Loss of the tumor suppressor Vhlh leads to upregulation of Cxcr4 and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in miceMei Ding
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
Nat Med 12:1081-7. 2006..Collectively, these results indicate an alternative mechanism for the pathogenesis of RPGN and glomerular disease in an animal model and suggest novel molecular pathways for intervention in this disease... - Antitumoral activity of rapamycin in renal angiomyolipoma associated with tuberous sclerosis complexRalf Wienecke
Department of Dermatology, Tuberous Sclerosis Center, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Gemany
Am J Kidney Dis 48:e27-9. 2006..During this time, the renal angiomyolipoma shrank significantly, regrew during an 8-month period, and decreased in size again after readministration of rapamycin... - Modular activation of nuclear factor-kappaB transcriptional programs in human diabetic nephropathyHolger Schmid
Division of Nephrology, Medizinische Poliklinik, University of Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 8a, 80336 Munich, Germany
Diabetes 55:2993-3003. 2006.... - Proteinuria and hyperglycemia induce endoplasmic reticulum stressMaja T Lindenmeyer
Nephrology Center, Medizinische Poliklinik, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
J Am Soc Nephrol 19:2225-36. 2008..Although this may protect the cells from ER stress, persistence of hyperglycemia and proteinuria may eventually lead to apoptosis... - IHG-1 amplifies TGF-beta1 signaling and is increased in renal fibrosisMadeline Murphy
UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
J Am Soc Nephrol 19:1672-80. 2008..In summary, IHG-1, which increases in diabetic nephropathy, may enhance the actions of TGF-beta1 and contribute to the development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis... - Maternal environment interacts with modifier genes to influence progression of nephrotic syndromeJulien Ratelade
INSERM, U574, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sevres, 75015 Paris, France
J Am Soc Nephrol 19:1491-9. 2008..In summary, constitutive inactivation of podocin models the complex interactions between maternal and genetically determined factors on the progression of renal disease as a result of nephrotic syndrome in mice... - Notch inhibition reverses kidney failureMatthias Kretzler
Nat Med 14:246-7. 2008 - Modification of kidney barrier function by the urokinase receptorChangli Wei
Nephrology Division and Program in Glomerular Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA
Nat Med 14:55-63. 2008..Blockade of alphavbeta3 integrin reduces podocyte motility in vitro and lowers proteinuria in mice. Our findings show a physiological role for uPAR signaling in the regulation of kidney permeability... - Hypoxia promotes fibrogenesis in vivo via HIF-1 stimulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitionDebra F Higgins
Department of Medicine, Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
J Clin Invest 117:3810-20. 2007.... - Co-regulation of Gremlin and Notch signalling in diabetic nephropathyDavid W Walsh
UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
Biochim Biophys Acta 1782:10-21. 2008..Together, these data suggest that Notch pathway gene expression is elevated in diabetic nephropathy, co-incident with Gremlin, and may contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease... - Interstitial vascular rarefaction and reduced VEGF-A expression in human diabetic nephropathyMaja T Lindenmeyer
Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Poliklinik, University of Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 8a, 80336 Munich, Germany
J Am Soc Nephrol 18:1765-76. 2007..These findings and the questions about rodent models in DN raise a note of caution regarding the proposal to inhibit VEGF-A to prevent progression of DN... - Expression of filtrin in human glomerular diseasesPekka Ihalmo
Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland, and Renal Immunopathology Laboratory, Fondazione D Amico per la Ricerca sulle Malattie Renali, San Carlo Borromeo Hospital, Milan, Italy
Nephrol Dial Transplant 22:1903-9. 2007..In this study, the gene and protein expression of filtrin were examined in patients with acquired proteinuric diseases... - Expression of the chemokine receptor CCR1 in human renal allograftsVerena Mayer
Medizinische Poliklinik Innenstadt, Pettenkoferstrasse 8a, 80336 Munich, Germany
Nephrol Dial Transplant 22:1720-9. 2007..CCR1 is a receptor for various proinflammatory chemokines and CCR1 blockade reduces renal allograft injury in rabbits. The purpose of the study was to characterize CCR1-positive cells in human renal allografts... - The contribution of B cells to renal interstitial inflammationFlorian Heller
Medizinische Poliklinik Innenstadt, University of Munich, Germany
Am J Pathol 170:457-68. 2007..CXCR5-positive B cells might be recruited via the chemokine CXCL13 and seem to contribute to the formation of intrarenal lymphoid follicle-like structures. These might represent an intrarenal immune system... - TGF-beta1 regulates the PINCH-1-integrin-linked kinase-alpha-parvin complex in glomerular cellsKyu Yong Jung
Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
J Am Soc Nephrol 18:66-73. 2007.... - Induction of TRPC6 channel in acquired forms of proteinuric kidney diseaseClemens C Möller
Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, MGH East, 149 13th Street, Boston, MA 02129, USA
J Am Soc Nephrol 18:29-36. 2007..These studies suggest the involvement of TRPC6 in the pathology of nongenetic forms of proteinuric disease... - Delayed chemokine receptor 1 blockade prolongs survival in collagen 4A3-deficient mice with Alport diseaseVolha Ninichuk
Nephrological Center, Medical Policlinic, University of Munich, Germany
J Am Soc Nephrol 16:977-85. 2005..These data identify CCR1 as a potential therapeutic target for Alport disease or other progressive nephropathies associated with interstitial macrophage infiltrates... - Functional consequences of integrin-linked kinase activation in podocyte damageVicente de Paulo Castro Teixeira
Medizinische Poliklinik, , Munich, Germany
Kidney Int 67:514-23. 2005..As this pathway is amendable to pharmacologic intervention, further detailed studies of in vivo ILK function in glomerular disease appear justified... - Post-translational and cell type-specific regulation of CXCR4 expression by cytokinesHilke Bruhl
Medical Policlinic, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Eur J Immunol 33:3028-37. 2003..Internalization of CXCR4 by cytokines in a cell type-specific manner is a novel and functionally important mechanism of chemokine receptor regulation... - Gene expression profiles of podocyte-associated molecules as diagnostic markers in acquired proteinuric diseasesHolger Schmid
Medizinische Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
J Am Soc Nephrol 14:2958-66. 2003..As the above approach can be performed as an add-on diagnostic tool, these molecular diagnostic parameters could give novel information for the management of proteinuric diseases... - Gene-expression analysis of microdissected renal biopsiesClemens D Cohen
Medizinische Poliklinik, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Methods Mol Med 86:285-93. 2003 - Modification of the transcriptomic response to renal ischemia/reperfusion injury by lipoxin analogNiamh E Kieran
Human Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Unit, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland
Kidney Int 64:480-92. 2003..The data presented herein suggest a framework for understanding drivers of kidney injury in ischemia/reperfusion and the molecular basis for renoprotection by lipoxins in this setting... - Validation of endogenous controls for gene expression analysis in microdissected human renal biopsiesHolger Schmid
Medizinische Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Kidney Int 64:356-60. 2003..Relating the gene expression to several housekeepers in parallel (i.e., 18S rRNA and cyclophilin A) should result in robust expression data... - Bacterial CpG-DNA aggravates immune complex glomerulonephritis: role of TLR9-mediated expression of chemokines and chemokine receptorsHans Joachim Anders
Nephrological Center, Medical Policlinic, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
J Am Soc Nephrol 14:317-26. 2003..This mechanism may be relevant during infection-triggered exacerbation of human immune-complex GN and other immune-mediated diseases in general... - Identification of a signal transduction pathway that regulates MMP-9 mRNA expression in glomerular injuryIrene von Lüttichau
Medizinische Poliklinik, Ludwig Maximilians Universitat, Munchen, Germany
Biol Chem 383:1271-5. 2002.... - TRAIL-induced apoptosis is independent of the mitochondrial apoptosis mediator DAP3Thorsten Berger
Klinische Biochemie der Medizinischen Poliklinik, Universitat Munchen, Schillerstrasse 42, D 80336 Munich, Germany
Biochem Biophys Res Commun 297:880-4. 2002..Therefore, DAP3 and FADD interact only in vitro after disruption of the cellular compartments. TRAIL-induced and DR4-mediated apoptosis in Jurkat cells is independent of DAP3... - Roles of SLC/CCL21 and CCR7 in human kidney for mesangial proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and tissue homeostasisBernhard Banas
Medical Policlinic, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
J Immunol 168:4301-7. 2002.... - Spatial and temporally restricted expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors in the developing human kidneyHermann Josef Grone
Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
J Am Soc Nephrol 13:957-67. 2002..Because genes that are expressed during ontogeny often play a role in tissue regeneration, these embryonal chemokine/chemokine receptor patterns may be important in renal injury and repair... - A chemokine receptor CCR-1 antagonist reduces renal fibrosis after unilateral ureter ligationHans Joachim Anders
Nephrological Center, Medizinische Poliklinik, Innenstadt, Universitat Munchen, Munchen, Germany
J Clin Invest 109:251-9. 2002..We therefore conclude that CCR1 blockade may represent a new therapeutic strategy for reducing cellular infiltration and renal fibrosis as major factors in the progression to end-stage renal failure... - Quantitative gene expression analysis in renal biopsies: a novel protocol for a high-throughput multicenter applicationClemens D Cohen
Medizinische Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Kidney Int 61:133-40. 2002..CONCLUSION: The simplicity of biopsy material acquisition combined with the centrally performed processing makes this protocol suitable for a wide spectrum of expression analysis in diverse clinical settings... - Laser microdissection and gene expression analysis on formaldehyde-fixed archival tissueClemens D Cohen
Medizinische Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Kidney Int 61:125-32. 2002..In the future this may allow the study of activated molecular programs in routine renal biopsies as well as archival tissue samples... - Early glomerular filtration defect and severe renal disease in podocin-deficient miceSéverine Roselli
Inserm U574, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Universite Rene Descartes, Tour Lavoisier 6ème étage, 75743 Paris, France
Mol Cell Biol 24:550-60. 2004.... - Activation of toll-like receptor-9 induces progression of renal disease in MRL-Fas(lpr) miceHans Joachim Anders
Nephrological Center, Medical Policlinic, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Germany
FASEB J 18:534-6. 2004..We conclude that TLR9 activation triggers disease activity of systemic autoimmunity, for example, lupus nephritis, and that adaptive and innate immune mechanisms contribute to the CpG-DNA-induced progression of lupus nephritis... - CCR1 blockade reduces interstitial inflammation and fibrosis in mice with glomerulosclerosis and nephrotic syndromeVolker Vielhauer
Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Poliklinik Innenstadt, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
Kidney Int 66:2264-78. 2004..We therefore studied the effect of the small-molecule CCR1 antagonist BX471 in a murine model of adriamycin-induced focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) with nephrotic syndrome and progressive interstitial inflammation and fibrosis... - Binding of the chemokine SLC/CCL21 to its receptor CCR7 increases adhesive properties of human mesangial cellsBernhard Banas
Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Poliklinik, Ludwig Maximilians Universitat Munchen, Germany
Kidney Int 66:2256-63. 2004..In leukocytes chemokines mediate integrin-dependent firm adhesion. Therefore, we examined the influence of chemokine receptor CCR7 activation by SLC/CCL21 on adhesive properties of human mesangial cells to matrix molecules... - Role of podocytes for reversal of glomerulosclerosis and proteinuria in the aging kidney after endothelin inhibitionJana Ortmann
Medizinische Poliklinik, , Switzerland
Hypertension 44:974-81. 2004..The results further suggest that age-dependent glomerulosclerosis is not merely a "degenerative" but a reversible process locally confined to the glomerulus involving recovery of podocytes from previous injury... - Reduced intragraft mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases Mmp3, Mmp12, Mmp13 and Adam8, and diminished transplant arteriosclerosis in Ccr5-deficient miceBruno Luckow
Klinikum der Universitat Munchen, Medizinische Poliklinik Innenstadt, Munchen, Germany
Eur J Immunol 34:2568-78. 2004..We conclude that early tissue remodeling may be a critical feature in the predisposition of allografts to the development of chronic dysfunction... - Influence of native and hypochlorite-modified low-density lipoprotein on gene expression in human proximal tubular epitheliumStefan Porubsky
Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
Am J Pathol 164:2175-87. 2004.... - Late onset of treatment with a chemokine receptor CCR1 antagonist prevents progression of lupus nephritis in MRL-Fas(lpr) miceHans Joachim Anders
Nephrological Center, Medical Policlinic, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 8a, 80336 Munich, Germany
J Am Soc Nephrol 15:1504-13. 2004..This is the first evidence that, in advanced chronic renal injury, blockade of CCR1 can halt disease progression and improve renal function by selective inhibition of interstitial leukocyte recruitment and fibrosis... - New immunosuppressive strategies in renal transplant recipientsMichael Fischereder
Nephrology Center, Medizinische Poliklinik Innenstadt, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
J Nephrol 17:9-18. 2004..While selection of one of these strategies may allow a more individualised therapy, the immunosuppressive potential of each compound has to be weighed against adverse reactions for an individual patient... - Induction of B7-1 in podocytes is associated with nephrotic syndromeJochen Reiser
Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York 10461, USA
J Clin Invest 113:1390-7. 2004..Our findings suggest a novel function for B7-1 in danger signaling by nonimmune cells... - Gene expression analysis of human renal biopsies: recent developments towards molecular diagnosis of kidney diseaseAnna Henger
Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Poliklinik, Ludwig Maximilians Universitat Munchen, Munich, Germany
Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 13:313-8. 2004..Recent progress in gene expression-based tissue analysis may provide fundamentally novel information in renal biopsy interpretation. In this review, progress towards the routine application of this approach is summarized... - Gene expression analysis in renal biopsiesHolger Schmid
Nephrol Dial Transplant 19:1347-51. 2004 - Gene expression fingerprints in human tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis as prognostic markers of disease progressionAnna Henger
Medical Policlinic, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Kidney Int 65:904-17. 2004..CONCLUSION: This study suggests the feasibility of gene expression-based disease categorization in human nephropathies based on the extraction of marker gene sets... - Chemokine receptor CCR1 but not CCR5 mediates leukocyte recruitment and subsequent renal fibrosis after unilateral ureteral obstructionVaclav Eis
Nephrological Center, Medical Policlinic, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
J Am Soc Nephrol 15:337-47. 2004..Therefore, CCR1 is a promising target for therapeutic intervention in leukocyte-mediated fibrotic tissue injury, e.g. progressive renal fibrosis... - CXCR3 is involved in tubulointerstitial injury in human glomerulonephritisStephan Segerer
Medizinische Poliklinik Innenstadt, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Am J Pathol 164:635-49. 2004..Therefore interstitial CXCR3, as well as CCR5-positive T cells might play an important role during progressive loss of renal function, and are potential therapeutic targets in human glomerular diseases... - Interaction of DAP3 and FADD only after cellular disruptionThorsten Berger
Nat Immunol 3:3-5. 2002