J Hebebrand

..8% (P = 0.033; exact one-sided McNemar test). These results support the hypothesis that these MC4R mutations represent major gene effects for obesity...

..Despite differences in ethnicity, ascertainment and phenotyping schemes, linkage results in ADHD appear remarkably consistent...

..We genotyped three GIPR SNPs (rs8111428, rs2302382 and rs1800437) in German families with at least one obese index patient, two case-control studies and two cross-sectional population-based studies...

..We examined the influence of validated genetic variants conferring susceptibility to obesity and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on metabolic and PCOS-specific traits in patients with PCOS...

..This review represents the introductory article of this special issue of the European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry...

..To assess comorbid DSM-IV-TR Axis I disorders in adolescent inpatients referred for treatment of substance use disorders...

..Individual studies may lack statistical power which may result in disparate results. This limitation can be overcome using meta-analytic techniques...

..We investigated association of variations in the coding sequence and promoter region of SOCS3 with extreme obesity in German children and adolescents...

..We tested if cancer patients that are homo-/heterozygous for the Val103Ile polymorphism are more likely to develop cachexia and/or a loss of appetite than non-carriers of the 103Ile-allele...

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..The fact that hypoleptinaemia can induce hyperactivity in a rat model for AN has led to a series of studies in AN patients, which support the notion that application of leptin to severely hyperactive patients might prove beneficial...

..We cannot rule out the possibility that other variations in the investigated genes contribute to the etiology of ADHD...

..We aim to study this further by including patients treated with the atypical antipsychotics olanzapine or risperidone as well as opposite-sex sib pairs...

..This article contains supplementary material, which may be viewed at the American Journal of Medical Genetics website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0148-7299:1/suppmat/index.html...

..Future studies are required to assess if variation at this locus also explains other positive linkage results obtained for chromosome 5p...

..We did not find support for an involvement of the Val66 allele of the Val66Met polymorphism of BDNF in the pathogenesis of ADHD in our sample...

..To explore the association between eating disorders (EDs) prior to the use of clozapine/olanzapine (pre-clozapine/olanzapine EDs) and after initiation of these antipsychotics (post-clozapine/olanzapine EDs)...

..064). Our results link potentially functional TPH2 variations to the pathophysiology of ADHD, and further support the relevance of 5-HT in disorders related to altered motor activity and cognitive processes...

..In conclusion, high serum leptin levels at discharge from inpatient treatment may indicate a risk for renewed weight loss and an unfavorable 1 yr outcome in AN...

..Those who achieve complete recovery from the eating disorder have a good chance of overcoming other psychiatric disorders and to adapt to social requirements...

..The molecular results mentioned above are presented and discussed in detail, thus providing both clinicians and geneticists with an overview of the current research status of this important child and adolescent psychiatric disorder...

..Together with other published findings in adults, these results suggest an increased prevalence of obesity among young patients with schizophrenia and especially among patients chronically treated with atypical antipsychotics...

..Allele and genotype frequencies did not differ between the extremely obese and never-obese subjects. In conclusion, we cannot confirm the results of ) in our young sample...

..001) and lg10 leptin level at admission (P=0.002). In conclusion, we confirmed weight gain induced hyperleptinemia in AN. Further research is required to assess if this phenomenon contributes to renewed weight loss...

..Genes relevant to RLS remain interesting candidates for ADHD; particularly BTBD9 needs further study, as it has been related to iron storage, a potential pathophysiological link between RLS and certain subtypes of ADHD...

..Peak leptin levels reached after weight gain are possibly the cause of increased energy expenditure during this stage of the disorder...

..The aim of our study was to assess if the prevalence of overweight and obesity is lower in a population of boys with ADHD in comparison with the German healthy male reference population of the same age...

..Hypoleptinemia represents a state marker of acute AN and is useful for a laboratory-based diagnostic screening...

..We did not detect transmission disequilibrium of the investigated polymorphisms in OCD. Hence, these polymorphisms do not play a major role in the genetic predisposition to early onset OCD...

..As the length (1 year as compared to 3 months) and mode of treatment (hypocaloric diet in adults vs. physical activity plus balanced meals) of the interventions varied, these parameters might have influenced the inconsistent results...

..The authors investigated the hypothesis that in acute anorexia nervosa a low body weight predicts a poor weight prognosis for the future...

..To assess the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and childhood obesity, and which factor in particular stands out in relation to obesity...

..We recommend that the procedure via which a consensus is reached as to what constitutes a true positive association finding requires formalization...

..05) between individuals with OCD and controls. In this, to our knowledge, first association study based on children and adolescents with OCD, we confirm an association of the A-allele of the 5-HT2A receptor gene with OCD...

..Further studies are warranted to distinguish between state and trait related alterations and to establish diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the thus altered metabolites...

..In the first and second parts of our review, we will summarize the relevant findings pertaining to hyperactivity in AN patients and in the rat model, respectively. We conclude with a synopsis and implications for future research...

..In conclusion, we have not identified a novel binding site of the two investigated atypical AP that could contribute to the induced weight gain...

..Once this is exceeded other biological mechanisms seem to be important for the complete recovery of the reproductive function and the resumption of menses...

..This kind of approach has already been initiated for anorexia nervosa. Genetic research on eating disorders will hopefully lead to new pharmacological treatment strategies...

..Additionally, we tested for linkage and performed family based association studies at four common variants in the 165 families of our initial genome scan...

..This article comprehensively reviews the latest findings on the genetics of ADHD...

..Functionally relevant mutations in the melanocortin-4 receptor gene ( MC4R) currently display the most common major gene/allele effect on extreme obesity...

..g., animal models, linkage studies, association studies, etc.). These methods are discussed either in the paragraphs on obesity or on CAD; the described principles apply to both phenotypes...

..However, an involvement of non-cerebellar dysfunctions in ADHD cannot be excluded...

..The development of new strategies for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of obesity can be anticipated...

..Additionally, we tested for association of rs9939609 alleles with fasting blood parameters indicative of glucose and lipid metabolism...

..The aim of this study was to analyse whether FAAH alleles are associated with early and late onset obesity...

..Cerebellar malfunction may contribute to disordered eyeblink conditioning in ADHD. However, because CR abnormalities differed between ADHD and cerebellar subjects, dysfunction of non-cerebellar structures cannot be excluded...

..Autosomal dominant inheritance of mutations in the melanocortin-4 receptor gene (MC4R) is currently regarded as the most relevant genetic cause for extreme obesity and affects 2-4% of extremely obese individuals...

..Recently, the V103I polymorphism of MC4R has been shown to be negatively associated with body mass index. This suggests that serum lipids and blood pressure in individuals carrying the 103I allele might be influenced as well...

..35; underweight: 0.32). Similarly, genotype frequencies did not differ between the groups. We concluded that the 825-T allele of the GNB3 does not play a major role in weight regulation in German children, adolescents and young adults...

..We propose alternative criteria which allow a better integration of biologically derived hypotheses addressing the nosology and the symptomatology of AN...

..Absolute differences in microevents and variability seem to depend on the daily dose of MPH after adjustment for BMI...

..Linear mixed model analysis could not detect effects of age, sex, BMI, SLL and serum clozapine levels on SGL. Our results do not support a causal involvement of ghrelin in clozapine-related weight gain...

..Obesity is a major health problem. Although heritability is substantial, genetic mechanisms predisposing to obesity are not very well understood. We have performed a genome wide association study (GWA) for early onset (extreme) obesity...

..We investigated whether variants in CTNNBL1 (including rs6013029) and in three other genes (SH3PXD2B, SLIT3 and FLJ42133,) were associated with obesity...

..Further pharmacogenetic studies pertaining to antipsychotic-induced weight gain are warranted...

..We explored the relationship between genetic variation in CLPS, early-onset obesity and fat intake in humans...

..In addition, we confirmed the presence of rs1049353. As these variants could not explain the initial TDT, we conclude that there is no evidence for an association of CNR1 alleles with obesity in our study groups...

..Important factors are socioeconomic status and television consumption. The authors conclude by briefly assessing implications for treatment and prevention of childhood obesity...

..We conclude that the currently known major common variants related to obesity overlap to a substantial degree between children and adults...

..The identified variants mostly have small to very small effect sizes; only 1-2% of the BMI variance is explained. Currently, a consensus explanation for this 'missing heritability' in complex diseases has not yet emerged...

..To assess the prevalence of obesity, obesity-related binge eating, non-obesity-related binge eating, and night eating in five- to six-year-old children and to examine the impact of parental eating disturbances...

..So far only few studies have addressed the issue of social cognition deficits in ADHD...

..Thus, several methods to sort marker data have been proposed which will be evaluated here...

..244G-->A revealed no transmission disequilibrium. We conclude that the analyzed SNPs in GAL and GALR1 do not play a major role in early onset obesity or dietary fat intake in the obese children and adolescents of our study groups...

..The importance of the melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) system for regulation of energy homeostasis and body weight has been demonstrated in rodents. We analysed the human MCH receptor 1 gene (MCHR1) with respect to human obesity...

..We were not able to identify an underlying mechanism. Similar to most previous studies we found a high rate of eating disorders among female students of nutritional sciences...

..The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying eating disorders might improve therapeutic approaches...

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..85 % of expected weight is approximately equivalent to the 10(th) BMI centile...

..However, the observed abnormalities were minor. It needs to be examined whether balance problems become more pronounced in ADHD children exhibiting more prominent signs of clumsiness...

..We prospectively studied 26 (10 women) patients (age, 37.4 +/- 10.3 years) with different types of refractory focal epilepsy who received topiramate as adjunctive treatment...

..Sources include peers, teachers, parents, and health care providers. It would indeed seem peculiar if this ongoing and intense stigmatization did not affect mental well-being at a very early stage of life...

..A considerable percentage of children and adolescents who avoid school have mental illnesses. This article reviews the typical manifestations, classification, development, course, and treatment of school-avoiding behavior...

..The mechanisms underlying the secular trend towards increasing body mass index seemingly affect children in the upper weight range more than those in the lower range...

..A frameshift mutation was detected in a normal weight individual. None of the variants seem to influence weight regulation...

..The purpose of this study was to assess heritability of activity, attention, and impulsivity by comparing young monozygotic (MZ) twins with dizygotic (DZ) twins using objective measures...

..We found that nutritional status was an important factor influencing serum levels of S100B...

..During therapeutically induced weight gain, leptin levels can intermittently increase above normal concentrations. This hyperleptinemia could predispose to renewed weight loss...

..Analysis of the allelic transmission pattern indicated the existence of polar overdominance, an unusual mode of non-Mendelian inheritance in humans previously known from the callipyge mutation in sheep...

..An important caveat is that, owing to the sample size, the heritability estimates have a large standard error and thus have to be interpreted with caution...

..Leptin ameliorates anxiety-related movement in ob/ob mice. In this study, we assessed the relationship between leptin and qualities of physical activity and restlessness in acute anorexia nervosa (AN)...

..Interconnections among caloric restriction, psychopathology, and physical activity in humans with AN are poorly investigated...

..The understanding of ADHD's neurobiology may be advanced by new technologies, such as SNP-based genome scans performed with gene chips comprising 10,000-1,000,000 SNPs, as well as using more sophisticated animal model designs...

..The aim of this study was to analyze whether children homozygous for the C-allele lose less weight in an intervention than children with the GG- or GC-genotype...

..These results support the involvement of BDNF in eating behaviour and further suggest its participation in the genetic susceptibility to ED, mainly ANR and low minBMI...

..In conclusion, we identified significant linkage, which might be due to a functional SNP in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene and could be responsible for up to 34% of ISS cases in the population...

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..741, Monte Carlo P = 0.4998). Our results imply that the HLA-DRB locus does not confer genetic susceptibility to GTS...

..The genetic basis of childhood and adolescent obesity might not differ that much from adult obesity...

..The obesity-predisposing genotype is present in 10% of individuals. Our study suggests that common genetic polymorphisms are important determinants of obesity...

..This study aims to provide epidemiological evidence for showing the association of this polymorphism with features of the metabolic syndrome and with parameters related to energy expenditure and dietary habits as potential mediators...

..4). All subsequent exploratory analyses were negative. Our analysis of the relationship between the NIDDM 'high-risk' haplotype combination and extreme early onset obesity revealed no evidence for linkage and association...

..05). Hence, we did not detect association of any of the analyzed SNP alleles in the GLUT4 to different weight extremes, so these seem not to be involved in weight regulation in our study groups...

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..These are the first two variants associated with the pathophysiology of ED in different populations and support a role for BDNF in the susceptibility to aberrant eating behaviors...

..The respective protective effect against obesity implies that variation in the MC4R gene entails both loss and gain of function...

..The objective was to provide an overall assessment of genetic linkage data of BMI and BMI-defined obesity using a nonparametric genome scan meta-analysis...