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Genomes and Genes | Ralf BartenschlagerSummaryAffiliation: University of Heidelberg Country: Germany Publications
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Publications
Replication of the hepatitis C virus in cell cultureRalf Bartenschlager
Department for Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Otto Meyerhof Zentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Ralf_
Antiviral Res 60:91-102. 2003..Ultimately, the replicon system may help to decipher the molecular basis of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) resistance...
Structural and functional characterization of nonstructural protein 2 for its role in hepatitis C virus assemblyVlastimil Jirasko
Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
J Biol Chem 283:28546-62. 2008..Finally, we demonstrate that mutations in NS2 blocking HCV assembly can be rescued by trans-complementation...- Analysis of hepatitis C virus superinfection exclusion by using novel fluorochrome gene-tagged viral genomesTorsten Schaller
Department for Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
J Virol 81:4591-603. 2007..By using these genomes, we found that HCV induces superinfection exclusion, which is primarily due to interference at a post-entry step... - Role of annexin A2 in the production of infectious hepatitis C virus particlesPerdita Backes
Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
J Virol 84:5775-89. 2010..These data identify ANXA2 as a novel host factor contributing, with NS5A, to the formation of infectious HCV particles... - Efficient trans-encapsidation of hepatitis C virus RNAs into infectious virus-like particlesEike Steinmann
Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
J Virol 82:7034-46. 2008..Similar to other vector systems of plus-strand RNA viruses, HCV(TCP) may prove valuable for gene delivery or vaccination approaches... - From structure to function: new insights into hepatitis C virus RNA replicationNicole Appel
Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
J Biol Chem 281:9833-6. 2006 - Construction and characterization of infectious intragenotypic and intergenotypic hepatitis C virus chimerasThomas Pietschmann
Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:7408-13. 2006..Finally, we describe an E1-specific antiserum capable of neutralizing infectivity of all HCV chimeras... - Mutational analysis of hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A: potential role of differential phosphorylation in RNA replication and identification of a genetically flexible domainNicole Appel
Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
J Virol 79:3187-94. 2005..This region was found to tolerate even large insertions with only a moderate effect on replication. Based on these results, we propose a model of the role of NS5A phosphorylation in the viral life cycle... - Cell culture adaptation of hepatitis C virus and in vivo viability of an adapted variantArtur Kaul
Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
J Virol 81:13168-79. 2007..These results argue for some level of impaired fitness of this mutant in vivo... - The lipid droplet binding domain of hepatitis C virus core protein is a major determinant for efficient virus assemblyAnna Shavinskaya
Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
J Biol Chem 282:37158-69. 2007..Taken together, our results demonstrate that the binding strength of the D2 domain of core for LDs is crucial for determining the efficiency of virus assembly... - Efficient hepatitis C virus cell culture system: what a difference the host cell makesRalf Bartenschlager
Dept. of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:9739-40. 2005 - Identification of determinants involved in initiation of hepatitis C virus RNA synthesis by using intergenotypic replicase chimerasMarco Binder
University of Heidelberg, Department of Molecular Virology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
J Virol 81:5270-83. 2007.... - Novel insights into hepatitis C virus replication and persistenceRalf Bartenschlager
Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Adv Virus Res 63:71-180. 2004..This chapter attempts to summarize the current state of knowledge in these most actively worked on fields of HCV research... - The non-structural protein 4A of dengue virus is an integral membrane protein inducing membrane alterations in a 2K-regulated mannerSven Miller
Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
J Biol Chem 282:8873-82. 2007..These results shed new light on the role of NS4A in the DV replication cycle and provide a model of how this protein induces membrane rearrangements and how this property may be regulated... - Efficient rescue of hepatitis C virus RNA replication by trans-complementation with nonstructural protein 5ANicole Appel
Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
J Virol 79:896-909. 2005..In summary, our results provide the first insight into the functional organization of the HCV replication complex... - Role of RNA structures in genome terminal sequences of the hepatitis C virus for replication and assemblyPeter Friebe
Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
J Virol 83:11989-95. 2009..In addition, we show that the 5' nontranslated region of the genome most likely does not contain cis-acting RNA structures required for RNA packaging into infectious virions... - Viral and cellular determinants of hepatitis C virus RNA replication in cell cultureVolker Lohmann
Department of Molecular Virology, Otto-Meyerhof-Zentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
J Virol 77:3007-19. 2003..In summary, these data show that the efficiency of HCV replication in cell culture is determined both by adaptation of the viral sequence and by the host cell itself... - Biochemical and morphological properties of hepatitis C virus particles and determination of their lipidomeAndreas Merz
Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
J Biol Chem 286:3018-32. 2011..Taken together, we describe a rapid and efficient system for the production of large quantities of affinity-purified HCV allowing a comprehensive analysis of the infectious virion, including the determination of its lipid composition... - The hepatitis C virus replicon system: from basic research to clinical applicationRalf Bartenschlager
Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
J Hepatol 43:210-6. 2005 
Molecular aspects of Dengue virus replicationRalf Bartenschlager
Department of Molecular Virology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, University of Heidelberg, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Future Microbiol 3:155-65. 2008..In this review we will highlight recent insights into the molecular mechanisms of the viral replication cycle...- A comprehensive structure-function comparison of hepatitis C virus strain JFH1 and J6 polymerases reveals a key residue stimulating replication in cell culture across genotypesMelanie Schmitt
Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
J Virol 85:2565-81. 2011..Finally, we were able to enhance the replication efficiency of a genotype 1b isolate with the I405 mutation, indicating that this mechanism of action is conserved across genotypes... - Hepatitis C virus molecular clones: from cDNA to infectious virus particles in cell cultureRalf Bartenschlager
Department of Molecular Virology, Hygiene Institut, University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Curr Opin Microbiol 9:416-22. 2006..Without doubt, this system provides new possibilities for molecular studies of the HCV life cycle and the development of novel antiviral concepts... - Hepatitis C virus RNA replication is resistant to tumour necrosis factor-alphaMichael Frese
Abteilung Virologie, Institut fur Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitat Freiburg, Hermann Herder Str 11, D 79104 Freiburg, Germany
J Gen Virol 84:1253-9. 2003..It is, therefore, unlikely that the increased production of TNF-alpha, which is seen in many hepatitis C patients, contributes to HCV clearance by inducing antiviral defence mechanisms in infected hepatocytes... - Hepatitis C virus molecular clones and their replication capacity in vivo and in cell cultureRalf Bartenschlager
Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Virus Res 127:195-207. 2007..In this review, we will summarize the development and current state of molecular HCV clones and discuss the prospects and implications of the most recent achievements... - Reconstructing signaling pathways from RNAi data using probabilistic Boolean threshold networksLars Kaderali
Viroquant Research Group Modeling, University of Heidelberg, Bioquant BQ26, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Bioinformatics 25:2229-35. 2009..We evaluate our approach on a small artificial dataset, and present inference results on RNAi data from the Jak/Stat pathway in a human hepatoma cell line... - Hepatitis C virus replicons: potential role for drug developmentRalf Bartenschlager
Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Hygiene, University of Heidelberg, Otto Meyerhof Zentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Nat Rev Drug Discov 1:911-6. 2002..However, the recent development of a replicon system opens up an encouraging possibility for drug discovery... - Characterization of the early steps of hepatitis C virus infection by using luciferase reporter virusesGeorge Koutsoudakis
Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
J Virol 80:5308-20. 2006..The reporter viruses described here should be instrumental for investigating the viral life cycle and for the development of HCV inhibitors... - Ribavirin antagonizes the in vitro anti-hepatitis C virus activity of 2'-C-methylcytidine, the active component of valopicitabineLotte Coelmont
Rega Institute for Medical Research, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:3444-6. 2006..These findings may have implications when planning clinical studies with valopicitabine... - The level of CD81 cell surface expression is a key determinant for productive entry of hepatitis C virus into host cellsGeorge Koutsoudakis
Department Molecular Virology, University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
J Virol 81:588-98. 2007..Together these data indicate that a high density of cell surface-exposed CD81 is a key determinant for productive HCV entry into host cells... - The hepatitis C virus RNA 3'-untranslated region strongly enhances translation directed by the internal ribosome entry siteYutong Song
Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
J Virol 80:11579-88. 2006.... - euHCVdb: the European hepatitis C virus databaseChristophe Combet
Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines UMR5086, CNRS, University of Lyon 1, IFR 128 BioSciences, Lyon Gerland, France
Nucleic Acids Res 35:D363-6. 2007..As part of an international collaborative effort with the US and Japanese databases, the European HCV Database (euHCVdb) is mainly dedicated to HCV protein sequences, 3D structures and functional analyses... - Antiviral effects of amantadine and iminosugar derivatives against hepatitis C virusEike Steinmann
Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Hepatology 46:330-8. 2007..Furthermore, HCV was rapidly eliminated from cell culture upon passage in the presence of a long alkyl chain deoxynojirimycin (DNJ). CONCLUSION: Iminosugar derivatives are potential drugs for treatment of HCV infections... - Hepatitis C virus escape from the interferon regulatory factor 3 pathway by a passive and active evasion strategyMarco Binder
Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Hepatology 46:1365-74. 2007..Conclusion: Based on these findings, we propose a refined model of innate immune escape by HCV involving limited initial induction and stringent subsequent control of the IRF-3 response... - Enhancement of genotype 1 hepatitis C virus replication by bile acids through FXRCaroline Scholtes
INSERM U851, IFR 128 Biosciences Lyon Gerland, Lyon F 69007, France
J Hepatol 48:192-9. 2008..Besides, BAs are essential factors for replication of the porcine enteric calicivirus by inhibiting interferon signaling. The role of BAs on HCV RNA replication was thus assessed... - Essential role of domain III of nonstructural protein 5A for hepatitis C virus infectious particle assemblyNicole Appel
Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
PLoS Pathog 4:e1000035. 2008..Since domain III of NS5A is one of the most variable regions in the HCV genome, the results suggest that viral isolates may differ in their level of virion production and thus in their level of fitness and pathogenesis... - Interferon-gamma inhibits replication of subgenomic and genomic hepatitis C virus RNAsMichael Frese
Abteilung Virologie, Institut fur Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitat Freiburg, Hermann Herder Strasse 11, D 79104 Freiburg, Germany
Hepatology 35:694-703. 2002.... - Comparative in vitro anti-hepatitis C virus activities of a selected series of polymerase, protease, and helicase inhibitorsJan Paeshuyse
Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:3433-7. 2008.... - Hepatitis C virus p7 protein is crucial for assembly and release of infectious virionsEike Steinmann
Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
PLoS Pathog 3:e103. 2007.... - Production of infectious hepatitis C virus particles in three-dimensional cultures of the cell line carrying the genome-length dicistronic viral RNA of genotype 1bKyoko Murakami
Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
Virology 351:381-92. 2006..We conclude that the replicon-based 3D culture system allows the production of infectious HCV particles. This system is a valuable tool in studies of HCV morphogenesis in a natural host cell environment... - High density lipoprotein inhibits hepatitis C virus-neutralizing antibodies by stimulating cell entry via activation of the scavenger receptor BIMarlene Dreux
INSERM, U758, 69007 Lyon, France
J Biol Chem 281:18285-95. 2006..Consistently, we show that antibodies targeted to HCV-E1 efficiently neutralize HCVpp and HCVcc in the presence of human serum... - Interferon type I gene expression in chronic hepatitis CSabine Mihm
Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Georg August Universitat, Gottingen, Germany
Lab Invest 84:1148-59. 2004..In conclusion, our data provide evidence for the absence of an induction of type I IFN genes by HCV in the human liver and argue for a further development of type I IFN-based therapies... - Application of the trak-C HCV core assay for monitoring antiviral activity in HCV replication systemsLaurence Cagnon
Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
J Virol Methods 118:23-31. 2004..Given its ease of use and the lack of requirement for RNA purification, the trak-C assay has several advantages over RNA-based methods of viral monitoring... - Alternative approaches for efficient inhibition of hepatitis C virus RNA replication by small interfering RNAsJan Krönke
Department of Molecular Virology, Hygiene Institute, University of Heidelberg, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
J Virol 78:3436-46. 2004..These results demonstrate that the retroviral transduction of HCV-specific shRNAs provides a new possibility for antiviral intervention... - A replicon-based bioassay for the measurement of interferons in patients with chronic hepatitis CJan M Vrolijk
Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
J Virol Methods 110:201-9. 2003..8 to 4.1 ng/ml in patients treated with PEG IFN-alpha. In conclusion, the HCV-replicon based bioassay allows determining the levels of biologically active IFN-alpha in serum and heparinized plasma of patients under treatment... - Identification of the hepatitis C virus RNA replication complex in Huh-7 cells harboring subgenomic repliconsRainer Gosert
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Germany
J Virol 77:5487-92. 2003..Metabolic labeling with 5-bromouridine 5'-triphosphate in the presence of actinomycin D revealed that the membranous web is the site of viral RNA synthesis and therefore represents the replication complex of HCV... - Identification and characterization of amphiphysin II as a novel cellular interaction partner of the hepatitis C virus NS5A proteinBirgit Zech
Axxima Pharmaceuticals AG, Am Klopferspitz 19, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
J Gen Virol 84:555-60. 2003.... - The hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase membrane insertion sequence is a transmembrane segmentNatalia Ivashkina
Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
J Virol 76:13088-93. 2002..These findings have important implications for the functional architecture of the HCV replication complex... - Mutations that permit efficient replication of hepatitis C virus RNA in Huh-7 cells prevent productive replication in chimpanzeesJens Bukh
Hepatitis Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:14416-21. 2002..Our study demonstrates that mutations that are adaptive for replication of HCV in cell culture may be highly attenuating in vivo... - Serum versus intrahepatic HCV RNA and liver histologyVolker Dries
Hepatology 35:1552-3. 2002 - Genetic analysis of sequences in the 3' nontranslated region of hepatitis C virus that are important for RNA replicationPeter Friebe
Institute for Virology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
J Virol 76:5326-38. 2002..These data represent the first detailed mapping of sequences in the 3' NTR assumed to act as a promoter for initiation of minus-strand RNA synthesis... - Persistent and transient replication of full-length hepatitis C virus genomes in cell cultureThomas Pietschmann
Institute for Virology, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
J Virol 76:4008-21. 2002..These results suggest that Huh-7 cells lack host cell factors that are important for virus particle assembly and/or release... - Membrane association of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is essential for hepatitis C virus RNA replicationDarius Moradpour
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Rue du Bugnon 44, CH 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
J Virol 78:13278-84. 2004..These results have implications for the functional architecture of the HCV replication complex and provide new insights into the expanding spectrum of tail-anchored proteins... - Kissing-loop interaction in the 3' end of the hepatitis C virus genome essential for RNA replicationPeter Friebe
Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
J Virol 79:380-92. 2005..These data provide strong evidence for a pseudoknot structure at the 3' end of the HCV genome that is essential for replication... - The non-immunosuppressive cyclosporin DEBIO-025 is a potent inhibitor of hepatitis C virus replication in vitroJan Paeshuyse
Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
Hepatology 43:761-70. 2006.... - Subcellular localization and membrane topology of the Dengue virus type 2 Non-structural protein 4BSven Miller
Department of Molecular Virology, The University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
J Biol Chem 281:8854-63. 2006..This topology model provides a good starting point for a detailed investigation of the function of NS4B in the DV life cycle... - The face of future hepatitis C antiviral drug development: recent biological and virologic advances and their translation to drug development and clinical practiceJohn G McHutchison
Division of Gastroenterology, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, 2400 Pratt Street, Room 0311, Terrace Level, Durham, NC 27707, USA
J Hepatol 44:411-21. 2006 - E2 of hepatitis C virus inhibits apoptosisSong Hee Lee
Department of Life Science, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Korea
J Immunol 175:8226-35. 2005..Based on these results, we propose that E2 augments persistent HCV infection by blocking host-induced apoptosis of infected cells... - Dissecting the interferon-induced inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication by using a novel host cell lineMarc P Windisch
Department of Molecular Virology, Hygiene Institute, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
J Virol 79:13778-93. 2005..Taken together, the results establish HuH6 replicon cells as a valuable tool for IFN studies and for the evaluation of antiviral compounds... - Quantitative analysis of the hepatitis C virus replication complexDoris Quinkert
Department Molecular Virology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
J Virol 79:13594-605. 2005.... - Hepatitis C virus-replicating hepatocytes induce fibrogenic activation of hepatic stellate cellsAnja Schulze-Krebs
Department of Medicine I, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
Gastroenterology 129:246-58. 2005.... - Hepatitis C virus NS2/3 processing is required for NS3 stability and viral RNA replicationSarah Welbourn
McGill Cancer Center and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
J Biol Chem 280:29604-11. 2005..The regulation of NS2/3 cleavage could constitute a novel mechanism of switching between viral RNA replication and other processes of the hepatitis C virus life cycle... - Production of infectious hepatitis C virus in tissue culture from a cloned viral genomeTakaji Wakita
Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo 183 8526, Japan
Nat Med 11:791-6. 2005..The cell culture-generated HCV is infectious for chimpanzee. This system provides a powerful tool for studying the viral life cycle and developing antiviral strategies... - In vitro models for hepatitis CRalf Bartenschlager
University of Mainz, Johannes-Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Institute for Virology, Germany
Virus Res 82:25-32. 2002 - Tissue culture and animal models for hepatitis C virusThomas Pietschmann
Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, 350 Otto Meyerhof Zentrum Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
Clin Liver Dis 7:23-43. 2003..These developments would at last allow us to model the complete viral life cycle, something researchers have been struggling with ever since the first identification of HCV... - Cardif is an adaptor protein in the RIG-I antiviral pathway and is targeted by hepatitis C virusEtienne Meylan
Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, BIL Biomedical Research Center, Chemin des Boveresses 155, CH 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
Nature 437:1167-72. 2005..Cardif thus functions as an adaptor, linking the cytoplasmic dsRNA receptor RIG-I to the initiation of antiviral programmes... - Sustained delivery of siRNAs targeting viral infection by cell-degradable multilayered polyelectrolyte filmsMaria Dimitrova
Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, U748, 3 Rue Koeberle, F 67000 Strasbourg, France
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:16320-5. 2008..Moreover, this MPF-based delivery system may represent a promising previously undescribed perspective for the use of RNAi as a therapeutic strategy for human diseases... - Scavenger receptor class B type I is a key host factor for hepatitis C virus infection required for an entry step closely linked to CD81Mirjam B Zeisel
Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale INSERM, U748, Strasbourg, France
Hepatology 46:1722-31. 2007..Conclusion: Our data suggest that SR-BI (i) represents a key host factor for HCV entry, (ii) is implicated in the same HCV entry pathway as CD81, and (iii) targets an entry step closely linked to HCV-CD81 interaction... - HCV proteins increase expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and decrease expression of Bach1 in human hepatoma cellsTahereh Ghaziani
Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030 1111, USA
J Hepatol 45:5-12. 2006..Other recent work has implicated Bach1, a heme binding protein that represses gene expression, in the regulation of HO-1 gene expression...