W Ahrens

..We conclude with recommendations for future cohort studies...

..On the basis of three different projects we discuss necessary steps on the road to evidence-based primary prevention...

..We will propose knowledge-based guidelines on dietary and lifestyle activities for health promotion and disease prevention in children for health professionals, stakeholders and consumers...

..Since thorough occupational epidemiologic studies allow assessment of disease risks under realistic exposure conditions, their results should be more frequently used to derive workplace-related threshold limit values...

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..This study investigated the association between cancer of the extrahepatic biliary tract and exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds...

..Index events included hospitalization due to myocardial infarction, hypertensive crisis and stroke...

..15; tertiles 1 versus 3, P < 0.05), which provides further evidence for the genotoxic effect of nickel in the general population...

..To identify risk factors of carcinoma of the extrahepatic biliary tract in men...

..To investigate the association between lung cancer and occupational factors in women...

..To investigate the association between lung cancer and occupational exposure to man-made vitreous fibers (MMVF), a pooled analysis of two case-control studies was conducted in the years 1988-1994...

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..However, this effect is likely to vary across different food cultures. To date, few studies on this topic have been conducted in children and none have employed an international, multi-centre design...

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..More subtle limitations result from, e.g., different measurement methods, including self-reported weight and height...

..Due to the lack of prospective longitudinal studies, the supposed long-term sustainable protective effect of physical activity and exercise in childhood and adolescent on bone health in later adulthood is not well established...

..Finally, some epidemiological studies dealing with the associations between PA and overweight/obesity in children/adolescents as well as in adults are presented...

..Nevertheless, the grouping is based on a highly valid source of information in population-based studies. It is proposed for use in the assessment of the public health impact of occupational lung cancer...

..To assess the cumulative effect of asbestos on lung cancer risk where the exposure is assessed by an expert rating...

..The results of the study will contribute to the development of harmonized European guidelines on diet and lifestyle for health promotion and disease prevention in children...

..A population based, multicenter case-control study was performed from 1995 to 1997 to investigate potential risk factors for gonadal and extragonadal germ cell cancer...

..Based on examples, the possible influence of genetic polymorphisms contributing to the development of adiposity are illustrated...

..To estimate the associations between occupational exposure to pesticides and extrahepatic biliary tract carcinoma in men, a population-based case-control study was carried out...

..Lack of resources or short program time spans are frequently cited as obstacles for stringent program evaluation. These barriers and others need to be tackled to further develop evidence-based primary prevention...

..In addition, databases operated by German public health insurance will be described. The topic of linking different data sources in Germany to support pharmaco-vigilance activities will be addressed...

..However, as a direct modulator of energy balance, diet still needs to be part of a comprehensive strategy to combat overweight and obesity in children and adolescents...

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..Finally, future challenges are discussed that have to be overcome on the way towards establishment, maintenance and analysis of large databases, especially regarding data protection, data quality and regular updates...

..Researchers are challenged to engage in considerable efforts to develop a standardized inventory of epidemiological methods, e.g. for the pooled analysis of epidemiological data...

..Exposure assessment in future studies should account for multiple occupational agents and nonoccupational factors to rule out that the observed differences in SMR are not due simply to random variation...

..Therefore, the association between the risk of uveal melanoma and exposure to hormonal exposures was investigated in a case-control study from nine European countries...

..The results of the project shall contribute to the development of harmonized European guidelines on diet and lifestyle for health promotion and disease prevention in children...

..To examine whether the previously observed excess risk of male germ cell cancer in a cohort of car-manufacturing workers can be attributed to occupational activities inside and/or outside the car industry...

..The association between occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) and the risk of uveal melanoma was investigated in a case-control study in nine European countries...

..We discuss methodological features of the database and we assess to which degree this database reflects basic demographic characteristics and hospitalisation rates of the general population...

..Next, methods to derive the different risk concepts are evaluated and the corresponding statistical measures are presented. Finally, an example illustrates the application of the discussed concepts for individual risk assessment...

..The association between SP and UADT is not fully explained by confounding factors. Downward social trajectory during the life course may be an independent risk factor for UADT cancers...

..Ethical principles and data protection requirements apply equally to genetic and molecular epidemiology as do the "Guidelines for Good Epidemiological Practice"...

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..Two recent studies indicated that cooks may have an increased risk of uveal melanoma. Here we report findings of two German case-control studies regarding cooking and uveal melanoma risk...

..In a more general framework, social context itself may become a target for intervention...

..There is some evidence of an elevated risk for testicular cancer among firefighters...

..In a population-based case-control study, we examined the association of testicular cancer and electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the workplace...

..The identified associations require further investigation...

..In general, our results indicate that pet bird keeping does not seem to increase the risk of lung cancer. The divergent findings at younger ages may be explained by age-related recall bias, but should be investigated in future studies...

..An increased risk of lung cancers among asphalt workers has been suggested in epidemiological studies based on large scale statistical analyses...

..Inhalation of bitumen fumes is potentially carcinogenic to humans...

..EM assessed non-monotonic historical decrease in exposures to all agents assessed except silica and diesel exhaust. CONCLUSIONS: We produced a data-driven EM using methodology that can be adapted for other multicenter studies...

..The basic components of feasibility are addressed: extent of hazards; needs of employees for hazard reduction and acceptability of WHP; and social context...

..1; 95% CI, 0.8 to 107). This explorative study suggests an association between certain occupational exposures and SBC, but some of these associations could be attributable to chance. All findings should be regarded as tentative...

..This study aims to evaluate these findings and to identify new associations...

..Numerous studies have been carried out to evaluate the association between lung cancer and occupational asbestos exposure. However, the effects of timing of exposure have not been analyzed thoroughly...

..To investigate potential risk factors of uveal melanoma, including phenotypical characteristics, eye burns, social class, smoking and alcohol consumption...

..We conclude that there is good evidence for cement dust exposure acting as a tobacco, alcohol and asbestos independent risk factor for laryngeal carcinoma. Our study gives a base for further toxicologic investigations on this topic...

..CONCLUSIONS: Our results lend support to the hypothesis that occupational PAH exposure causes fatal IHD and demonstrate a consistent exposure-response relation for this association...

..Mycosis Fungoides (MF) is a rare disease with an occurrence indicating that occupational exposures may play a role. To estimate the association between MF and occupational exposures as measured by means of an job-exposure matrix (JEM)...

..76) and 1.44 (95% CI 0.43-4.85) for the first, second and third tertile of days of use of pesticides. Our study suggests that novel and previously reported (woodworking) occupational factors play a role in the aetiology of bone sarcomas...

..CONCLUSION: Our study does overall not support an association between occupational sunlight exposure and risk of uveal melanoma. The finding of an excess risk of eye melanoma in cooks in several European countries is intriguing...

..Our study contributes to classifying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as a risk factor for laryngeal cancer...

..Our findings support the hypothesis that testicular and other genital cancers have a common familial component that may be due to genetic and shared exogenous factors such as estrogen exposure during fetal development...

..The study showed there is a clear dose-response relationship between alcohol intake and the risk of male breast cancer, and an excess risk of mycosis fungoides among glass formers, pottery and ceramic workers. Further data are expected...

..To investigate the effect of exposure to wood dust on the risk of laryngeal cancer...

..Yet, the fact that risks for men below the age of 40 years were slightly increased in both exposure models deserves further attention...

..We have investigated the role of alcohol drinking in male breast cancer using data collected in a population-based case-control study on seven rare cancers, conducted in Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, and Sweden...

..Females working in the paper and pulp industries may also be exposed to carcinogens of relevance to MF...

..We sought to study the association between occupational sun exposure and mycosis fungoides (MF), a peripheral T-cell lymphoma...

..Our results provide compelling evidence of a locus at 15q25 predisposing to lung cancer, and reinforce interest in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as potential disease candidates and chemopreventative targets...

..We explored our data of a German population-based case-control study on the etiology of testicular cancer with regard to this association...

..41-2.86) for each additional 200 g galactose per month during adolescence. Our results suggest that milk fat and/or galactose may explain the association between milk and dairy product consumption and seminomatous testicular cancer...