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..fonticola, also a species-specific class A beta-lactamase. Inducibility of these enzymes was shown in all species with the exception of S. rubidaea and four of five strains of S. plymuthica...

..An evaluation of 30 biochemical tests that secured phenotypic identification to the Yersinia species level is presented...

..For systemic treatment, systemically applicable azole antifungals (fluconazole, itraconazole), terbinafine and griseofulvine are in use...

..This strategy includes therapeutic and hygienic measures that may be suitable to eliminate one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide...

..Since older people often take several drugs simultaneously, the probability for the occurrence of side effects and drug interactions in this population is greatly increased. Significant compliance problems may also arise...

..Nevertheless, rubella is still widespread in some countries, and still occurs in Germany. Postnatal rubella virus infections can be treated symptomatically. A specific (antiviral) therapy is not available...

..During the last decades, A. albopictus mosquitos have been spread into several temperate regions and are now widely distributed in several areas of South and Central Europe and North America...

..The virus type of the new pandemic is still uncertain and it is also unclear, if a pandemic spread of the virus may be prevented by consistent controlling of avian influenza...

..Macrolides are regarded to be the treatment of choice for the management of B. pertussis infections. Active immunization with whole cell and in particular acellular vaccines is the mainstay for prevention of disease...

..ascorbata from K. cryocrescens, they do not allow a separation of these species. The literature dealing with the clinical efficacy of antimicrobial agents used for the treatment of Kluyvera infections is discussed...

..Current guidelines do no contain specific recommendations for the causal treatment of HRSV infections. Immunoprophylactic and hygienic measures represent the most effective strategies for prevention of disease...

..albertii from those of the H. alvei complex. Although out of the scope of this study, it should be noted that several strains of E. albertii showed acquired resistances to some penicillins and antifolates...

..Young adults have been most frequently affected. The lack of immunity in this population is likely to be responsible for the increasing number of mumps cases...

..Because of the high stability of noroviruses to several environmental conditions, disinfection should be performed applying disinfectants with proven activity against noroviruses...

..In Germany, there is no licensed vaccine applicable for the prevention of hantavirus diseases. Anti-infectious measures are, therefore, regarded to be the most effective strategy to prevent illnesses due to these emerging RNA viruses...

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..An improved effectiveness of systematic treatment is also achieved by concomitant application of topical antifungals...

..Because of the wide distribution of S. pyogenes in the general population and the lack of an effective vaccine, possibilities for prevention allowing a suitable protection for diseases due to S. pyogenes are very limited...

..Significance of non-conventional and adjuvant therapeutic approaches is considered to be generally low...

..Diagnostics of HIV infection is based upon the proof of specific antibodies...

..In several less developed regions, these so-called AIDS-defining diseases still represent one of the most frequent causes of death...

..marcescens aminoglycoside 6'-acetyltransferase AAC(6')-Ic and its absence in other Serratia spp. was supported by the data. All species of the S. liquefaciens complex should be considered as probable agents of human diseases...

..It enlarges the number of Enterobacteriaceae expressing naturally-occurring AmpC beta-lactamases...

..In Germany, two efficient and secure live vaccines against rotaviruses have been approved. Their application, however, is not generally recommended...

..Hydroxyproline amidase, maltosidase, tri-peptidase, proline deaminase, catalase reaction, Voges-Proskauer test, and fermentation of glycerol, melibiose and myo-inositol were suitable parameters to separate Y. regensburgei from H. alvei...

..Special attention should be paid to biochemically aberrant leclerciae. Apart from biochemical features, fosfomycin susceptibility might be useful to differentiate between L. adecarboxylata and E. coli...

..Natural susceptibility patterns are compared with those of a recent study, dealing with natural susceptibilities of species of the P. vulgaris complex...

..A database is described of the natural susceptibility of P. shigelloides strains to a wide range of antibiotics. It can be used for the validation of susceptibility test results of these bacteria...

..Enterobacter hormaechei was the species most susceptible to fosfomycin. beta-Lactam susceptibility patterns pointed to the presence of chromosomally-encoded AmpC enzymes in all taxa of the E. cloacae complex...

..The naturally-expressed amount of enzyme depends on the species...

..The present study describes a database concerning the natural susceptibility of Edwardsiella species to a wide range of antibiotics, which can be applied to validate forthcoming antibiotic susceptibility tests of these microorganisms...

..Under the conditions described pyrase might be a parameter to differentiate strains of Rahnella genomovars 1 and 2...

..A database of the antibiotic susceptibility of S. enterica was set up. It may be of use to validate antibiotic susceptibility test results of these bacteria...

..pneumoniae. Similar natural susceptibility patterns of K. planticola and K. ornithinolytica to all tested antibiotics support the status of K. ornithinolytica as a biovar of K. planticola...

..To investigate the natural susceptibility to 69 antimicrobial agents of 107 Enterobacter strains comprising E. amnigenus (n = 18), E. cancerogenus (n = 26), E. gergoviae (n = 28) and E. sakazakii (n = 35)...

..From the data of the present study it is possible that some moellerellae are misidentified as Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae...

..Beta-lactamases of Y. aldovae and "Y. ruckeri" have been characterized for the first time...

..The potential to be resistant to a variety of beta-lactams under conceivable testing conditions should question the use of numerous beta-lactams for the treatment of Plesiomonas infections...

..aldovae and 'Y. ruckeri' strains express no, or only small amounts, of enzyme. An evaluation of 30 biochemical tests that determined phenotypic identification to the Yersinia species level is presented...