Sonja Ständer

..To date, there has been no systematic investigation of the detailed histological features of prurigo nodularis (PN) in a large cohort of patients...

..This should be confirmed in future double-blind studies...

..Furthermore, we discuss the role of neurotrophins and the influence of stress on sensitive skin...

..After cessation of capsaicin therapy, neuropeptides re-accumulated in skin nerves. In conclusion, VR1 is widely distributed in the skin, suggesting a major role for this receptor, e.g. in nociception and neurogenic inflammation...

..Cannabinoid receptors mediate the psychopharmacological action of marijuana and have been localized in the central and peripheral nervous system as well as on cells of the immune system...

..The present review aims to provide an overview of current neurophysiological and neurochemical therapeutic models in chronic pruritus...

..In conclusion, preserved MC-1R expression in adnexal epithelia suggests a functional role of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in various malformations and neoplasms of the skin...

..Melanocortins such as alpha-MSH may therefore represent a novel class of modulators with potential usefulness for the treatment of fibrotic disorders...

..The new findings suggest that target-specific therapies are most likely to control atopic dermatitis itch. To date, only few therapies are available and controlled studies are pending...

..This review focuses on the peripheral generation of itch, including neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and inflammatory mediators...

..Together, our findings contribute to the understanding of the high antipruritic potency of opioid receptor antagonists in various skin and systemic diseases...

..For example, kappa-opioid receptor agonists and neurokinin-1 antagonists have been found to relieve chronic pruritus...

..Thus, our results provide early experimental evidence for a tumor-protective role of PAR(2)...

..In conclusion, our results suggest that PAR(2) is a substrate for matriptase in human skin in vivo. Deregulation of these proteins delineates SCC progression...

..In conclusion, high reliability and concurrent validity was found for VAS, NRS and VRS. On re-test, higher correlation and less missing values were observed. A training session before starting a clinical trial is recommended...

..The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the promising role of kappa- opioid receptors and their agonist in the pathophysiology and treatment of pruritus...

..7% of the involved areas. The significant reduction in intraepidermal nerve fiber density suggests that damage to the peripheral nerves is a more important aetiological factor than spinal changes in notalgia paraesthetica...

..Substance P (SP) is a major mediator of pruritus. As it binds to the neurokinin receptor 1 (NKR1), we evaluated if the application of a NKR1 antagonist would significantly decrease chronic pruritus...

..In conclusion, patients with chronic pruritus present a inhomgeneous collective with different underlying diseases, including malignancy, necessitating thorough investigation...

..Promising candidates are next to neurokinin receptor 1 antagonists, antagonists against the histamine 4 receptor, nerve growth factor receptor or gastrin-releasing peptide receptor...

..In summary, these recent developments show that highlighting the basis of pruritus offers modern neurophysiological and neurochemical therapeutic models and the possibility to treat patients with refractory itching of different origin...

..It is intended to serve as a diagnostic route for better evaluation of patients with chronic pruritus and aims to improve patients' care...

..We will also evaluate recommendations for the use of MORA in daily medical practice...

..Though being primarily a proinflammatory cytokine through this capacity, IL-18 can also foster an immune response that is suppressed by UV radiation...

..Down-regulation of TRAIL might represent another example of a natural protection mechanism that is eliminated by chronic UV exposure...

..Treatment is directed initially to the underlying illness, and both topical and systemic antipruritic medications are available as flanking measures...

..These observations led to the development of new therapeutic modalities. This paper gives an overview of itch pathophysiology, clinical types and therapies...

..The mutation in connexin 31 is regarded therefore as causal for the clinical picture of the EKV. The unique upregulation of connexin 43 may occur as a consequence of the Cx31 mutation and temporarily compensate for this defect...

..These nerves express cannabinoid receptors which exert a role in modulation of nociceptive symptoms. Therefore, topical therapy with cannabinoid receptor agonist seems likely to suppress local burning pain...

..Finally, itch and pain exhibit corresponding patterns of central sensitization. The knowledge of antagonistic interaction, but also of similar sensitization processes has major implication for antipruritic therapeutic approaches...

..The aim of this investigation was to assess the antipruritic efficiency of cyclosporine ME in therapy of prurigo nodularis...

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..Together, our results show that overexpression of IL-15 in the epidermis enhances both innate and adaptive cutaneous immunity...

..This review highlights the recent knowledge of different mechanisms which may be involved in regulating pruritus in patients with AD potentially leading to new therapeutic applications for the treatment of itch in AD...

..Our case suggests that perineural invasion may be an indicator for aggressive growth of head-and-neck KAs so that histologically-controlled excision is recommended...

..By modulating interleukin-8 secretion, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone may act as a modulator of inflammatory responses in the pilosebaceous unit...