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Genomes and Genes | M SteinhoffSummaryCountry: Germany Publications
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Publications
Recycling and resensitization of the neurokinin 1 receptor. Influence of agonist concentration and Rab GTPasesDirk Roosterman
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143 0660, USA
J Biol Chem 279:30670-9. 2004....- Neurogenic components of trypsin- and thrombin-induced inflammation in rat skin, in vivoOtilia Obreja
Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Medicine Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
Exp Dermatol 15:58-65. 2006..Thrombin-induced PE and VD are mediated mainly by a non-neurogenic mechanism... - Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2): a tumor suppressor in skin carcinogenesisAnke Rattenholl
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research IZKF Münster, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
J Invest Dermatol 127:2245-52. 2007..Thus, our results provide early experimental evidence for a tumor-protective role of PAR(2)... - Indirect RT-PCR in-situ hybridization: a novel non-radioactive method for detecting glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptideM Steinhoff
Clinical Research Unit for Gastrointestinal Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, 35033 Marburg, Germany
Regul Pept 97:187-94. 2001.... - Successful topical treatment of focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck's disease) with interferon-betaM Steinhoff
Department of Dermatology, University of Munster, Von Esmarch Str 56, 48129 Munster, Germany
Br J Dermatol 144:1067-9. 2001..Topical treatment with interferon-beta appears to be an effective, simple, non-invasive, cheap and low-risk alternative to other invasive or surgical therapeutic modalities... - Neurophysiological, neuroimmunological, and neuroendocrine basis of pruritusMartin Steinhoff
Department of Dermatology, IZKF Münster, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Immunobiology of the Skin, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
J Invest Dermatol 126:1705-18. 2006..A deeper understanding of these circuits is required for the development of novel antipruritic strategies... - Proteinase-activated receptors: transducers of proteinase-mediated signaling in inflammation and immune responseMartin Steinhoff
Department of Dermatology and Boltzmann Institute for Immunobiology of the Skin, University of Munster, Von Esmarch Strasse 58, 48149 Munster, Germany
Endocr Rev 26:1-43. 2005..Novel compounds that can modulate PAR function may be potent candidates for the treatment of inflammatory or immune diseases... - Keratinocytes in epidermal immune responsesM Steinhoff
Department of Dermatology and Boltzmann Institute for Cell and Immunobiology of the Skin, University of Munster, 48129 Munster, Germany
Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 1:469-76. 2001..An understanding of keratinocytes as important regulators of the skin immune system opens new opportunities for the treatment of various skin diseases... 
A TR(I)P to pruritus research: role of TRPV3 in inflammation and itchMartin Steinhoff
Department of Dermatology, IZKF Münster, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Immunobiology of the Skin, University Hospital Munster, Munster, Germany
J Invest Dermatol 129:531-5. 2009..New evidence indicates that the vanilloid type 3 (TRPV3) channel is crucially involved in pruritic dermatitis, making it a good candidate for future therapy in skin inflammation and pruritus...- Proinflammatory impact of Staphylococcus epidermidis on the nasal epithelium quantified by IL-8 and GRO-alpha responses in primary human nasal epithelial cellsF Sachse
Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
Int Arch Allergy Immunol 145:24-32. 2008..Among others, serine and cysteine proteases have been identified as factors of virulence in S. epidermidis... - Role of protease-activated receptors in inflammatory responses, innate and adaptive immunityV Shpacovitch
Department of Dermatology and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cell Biology of the Skin, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
J Leukoc Biol 83:1309-22. 2008..Understanding the mechanisms by which PARs exert the effects of serine proteases on immune cells may lead to new therapeutic strategies in inflammation, immune defense, and allergy... - PAR-2 activation regulates IL-8 and GRO-alpha synthesis by NF-kappaB, but not RANTES, IL-6, eotaxin or TARC expression in nasal epitheliumC Rudack
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, IZK Münster and Boltzmann Institute for Immunobiology of the Skin, Munster, Germany
Clin Exp Allergy 37:1009-22. 2007..The effects of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) stimulation on inflammation mechanisms of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) are still unknown... 
Transition of Sézary syndrome into mycosis fungoides after complete clinical and molecular remission under extracorporeal photophoresisC Assaf
Department of Dermatology, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Fabeckstrasse 60 62, 14195 Berlin, Germany
J Clin Pathol 57:1325-8. 2004..These findings indicate that the neoplastic cells in SS, MF, and LCL are derived from a common precursor T cell, despite the change in clinical phenotype...- Proinflammatory role of proteinase-activated receptor-2 in humans and mice during cutaneous inflammation in vivoStephan Seeliger
Department of Pediatrics, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
FASEB J 17:1871-85. 2003..Thus, PAR-2 may be a beneficial therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases... - Protease-activated receptors: novel PARtners in innate immunityV Shpacovitch
Department of Dermatology and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cell Biology of the Skin, University of Munster, D 48149 Munster, Germany
Trends Immunol 28:541-50. 2007..Understanding protease-immune interactions could lead to novel strategies for the treatment of infectious and immune-related diseases... - Cutaneous T cell lymphoma and classic Hodgkin lymphoma of the B cell type within a single lymph node: composite lymphomaM Steinhoff
Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Benjamin Franklin, The Free University of Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 60 62, 14195 Berlin, Germany
J Clin Pathol 57:329-31. 2004..This report describes the manifestation of a true composite lymphoma within a single cervical lymph node, which is composed of a cutaneous T cell lymphoma and a classic Hodgkin lymphoma of B cell type--a very rare finding indeed... - Neurophysiology of pruritus: cutaneous elicitation of itchSonja Ständer
Department of Dermatology, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
Arch Dermatol 139:1463-70. 2003..This review focuses on the peripheral generation of itch, including neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and inflammatory mediators... - Cytokines and chemokines orchestrate atopic skin inflammationBernhard Homey
Department of Dermatology, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstrasse 5, Dusseldorf 40225, Germany
J Allergy Clin Immunol 118:178-89. 2006..In this review we summarize advances in our understanding of the complex interdependent network of members of the rapidly growing protein superfamilies of cytokines and chemokines that lead to the development of AD... - Pathophysiology of pruritus in atopic dermatitis: an overviewSonja Ständer
Department of Dermatology and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cell Biology and Immunobiology of the Skin, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
Exp Dermatol 11:12-24. 2002..This review highlights the recent knowledge of different mechanisms which may be involved in regulating pruritus in patients with AD potentially leading to new therapeutic applications for the treatment of itch in AD... - Pathway management in ambulatory wound care: defining local standards for quality improvement and interprofessional carePeter Hensen
Department of Dermatology, University of Muenster, Von Esmarch Strasse 58, D 48149 Muenster, Germany
Int Wound J 2:104-11. 2005..Variances must be merely written down in detail. After 1 year in clinical practice, we state that the use of a clinical pathway for chronic wound management is an effective method of improving clinical processes and patient outcomes... - Localization of mu-opioid receptor 1A on sensory nerve fibers in human skinSonja Ständer
Department of Dermatology, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
Regul Pept 110:75-83. 2002..Together, our findings contribute to the understanding of the high antipruritic potency of opioid receptor antagonists in various skin and systemic diseases... - Proteinase-activated receptor-2 in the skin: receptor expression, activation and function during health and diseaseAnke Rattenholl
Department of Dermatology, Interdisziplinares Zentrum fur Klinische Forschung IZKF, Ludwig Bolzmann Institute for Cell and Immunobiology of the Skin, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
Drug News Perspect 21:369-81. 2008..Activation of the receptor leads to the production of various cytokines and chemokines which modulate skin homeostasis, immune and inflammatory responses as well as tumor surveillance... - Cutaneous allergic contact dermatitis responses are diminished in mice deficient in neurokinin 1 receptors and augmented by neurokinin 2 receptor blockageThomas E Scholzen
Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cell Biology and Immunobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, University of Munster, Von Esmarch Strasse 58, 48149 Munster, Germany
FASEB J 18:1007-9. 2004..Thus, SP, NKA, NK-1R, and NK-2R have important but differential roles in the regulation of cutaneous inflammatory responses... - Expression of vanilloid receptor subtype 1 in cutaneous sensory nerve fibers, mast cells, and epithelial cells of appendage structuresSonja Ständer
Department of Dermatology, University of Munster, Muenster, Germany
Exp Dermatol 13:129-39. 2004..After cessation of capsaicin therapy, neuropeptides re-accumulated in skin nerves. In conclusion, VR1 is widely distributed in the skin, suggesting a major role for this receptor, e.g. in nociception and neurogenic inflammation... - Pathophysiology and therapy of pruritus in allergic and atopic diseasesJ Buddenkotte
Deparment of Dermatology, Boltzmann Institute for Cell and Immunobiology of Skin, University Hospital Munster, Munster, Germany
Allergy 65:805-21. 2010..As the treatment of pruritus in allergic and atopic skin disease is still not satisfactory, knowing these pathways and mechanisms may lead to novel therapeutic approaches against this frequently encountered skin symptom... - Topical pimecrolimus and tacrolimus transiently induce neuropeptide release and mast cell degranulation in murine skinS Ständer
Department of Dermatology and Boltzmann Institute for Immuno and Cell Biology of the Skin, University of Munster, Von Esmarch Strasse 58, Munster, Germany
Br J Dermatol 156:1020-6. 2007..The only clinically relevant side-effect reported is transient application site burning and stinging itch at the beginning of topical therapy... - Functional characterization and expression analysis of the proteinase-activated receptor-2 in human cutaneous mast cellsCorinna Moormann
Department of Dermatology, IZKF Münster and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cell and Immunbiology of the Skin, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
J Invest Dermatol 126:746-55. 2006..Thus, PAR2 may be an important regulator of skin mast cell function during cutaneous inflammation and hypersensitivity... - IL-31: a new link between T cells and pruritus in atopic skin inflammationEniko Sonkoly
Department of Dermatology, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany
J Allergy Clin Immunol 117:411-7. 2006..IL-31 is a novel T-cell-derived cytokine that induces severe pruritus and dermatitis in transgenic mice, and signals through a heterodimeric receptor composed of IL-31 receptor A and oncostatin M receptor... - Agonists of proteinase-activated receptor-2 stimulate upregulation of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 in primary human keratinocytes via activation of NF-kappa BJörg Buddenkotte
Department of Dermatology and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cell Biology and Immunobiology of the Skin, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
J Invest Dermatol 124:38-45. 2005..Thus, PAR2 may play an important regulatory role of human KTC during inflammation and immune response... - Role of matriptase and proteinase-activated receptor-2 in nonmelanoma skin cancerGeorgeta Bocheva
University of Munster, Munster, Germany
J Invest Dermatol 129:1816-23. 2009..In conclusion, our results suggest that PAR(2) is a substrate for matriptase in human skin in vivo. Deregulation of these proteins delineates SCC progression... - Neuroimmune interactions in allergic skin diseasesFerda Cevikbas
Department of Dermatology, IZKF Moenster and Boltzmann Institute for Cell and Immunobiology of the Skin, University of Munster, Germany
Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 7:365-73. 2007..Moreover, structural cells and invading immune cells express neuronal receptors and release mediators which directly communicate with nerve endings in the skin... - Case mix measures and diagnosis-related groups: opportunities and threats for inpatient dermatologyP Hensen
Department of Dermatology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 19:582-8. 2005..The G-DRG version 2004 has been greatly improved, probably due to proceeding calculation standards and DRG adjustments. The future of inpatient dermatology is subject to appropriate depiction of well-established treatment standards... - Role of vasculature in atopic dermatitisMartin Steinhoff
Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Munster, Von Esmarch Strasse 58, D 48149 Munster, Germany
J Allergy Clin Immunol 118:190-7. 2006..Endothelial cells play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of AD and represent future targets for the treatment of AD... - Tumor immune escape by the loss of homeostatic chemokine expressionAndor Pivarcsi
Department of Dermatology, Heinrich Heine University, D 40255 Düsseldorf, Germany
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:19055-60. 2007..Collectively, our data identify a mechanism of skin tumors to evade host antitumor immune responses... - Agonists of proteinase-activated receptor 2 induce cytokine release and activation of nuclear transcription factor kappaB in human dermal microvascular endothelial cellsVictoria M Shpacovitch
Department of Dermatology and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cell- and Immunbiology of the Skin, , Germany
J Invest Dermatol 118:380-5. 2002..Thus, proteinase-activated receptor 2 may play an important role in cutaneous inflammation by mediating inflammatory responses on dermal microvascular endothelial cells and activation of nuclear transcription factor kappaB... - Agonists of proteinase-activated receptor-2 modulate human neutrophil cytokine secretion, expression of cell adhesion molecules, and migration within 3-D collagen latticesV M Shpacovitch
Department of Dermatology, University of Munster, Von Esmarch Str 58, 48149 Munster, Germany
J Leukoc Biol 76:388-98. 2004..Thus, PAR2 may represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of diseases involving activated neutrophils... - Neutral endopeptidase terminates substance P-induced inflammation in allergic contact dermatitisT E Scholzen
Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cell Biology and Immunobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
J Immunol 166:1285-91. 2001..Thus, these results indicate that NEP and cutaneous neuropeptides have a significant role in the pathogenesis of ACD... - Bodybuilder oleomaJ Georgieva
Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Benjamin Franklin, The Free University of Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 60-62, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
Br J Dermatol 149:1289-90. 2003 - Agonists of proteinase-activated receptor-2 affect transendothelial migration and apoptosis of human neutrophilsVictoria M Shpacovitch
Department of Dermatology, IZKF Münster, and Boltzmann Institute for Immunobiology of the Skin, University of Munster, Germany
Exp Dermatol 16:799-806. 2007.... - Neuronal control of skin function: the skin as a neuroimmunoendocrine organDirk Roosterman
Department of Dermatology, , Germany
Physiol Rev 86:1309-79. 2006..A deeper understanding of cutaneous neuroimmunoendocrinology may help to develop new strategies for the treatment of several skin diseases... - Calcineurin inhibitors for the treatment of atopic dermatitisJan Ehrchen
University Hospital Munster, Boltzmann Institute for Cell and Immunobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Munster, Germany
Expert Opin Pharmacother 9:3009-23. 2008..Therapeutic objectives for AD should be to quickly reduce disease symptoms by targeting pathophysiological pathways, and to provide long-term management by reducing recurrences... - Endothelin-converting enzyme 1 degrades neuropeptides in endosomes to control receptor recyclingDirk Roosterman
Department of Dermatology, Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Klinische Forschung Münster, and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cell Biology and Immunobiology of the Skin, University of Munster, Von Esmarch Strasse 58, 48149 Munster, Germany
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:11838-43. 2007..Antagonism of these endosomal processes represents a strategy for inhibiting sustained signaling of receptors, and defects may explain the tachyphylaxis of drugs that are receptor agonists... - Agonists of proteinase-activated receptor-2 enhance IFN-gamma-inducible effects on human monocytes: role in influenza A infectionMicha Feld
Department of Dermatology and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Immunobiology of the Skin, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
J Immunol 180:6903-10. 2008..This effect could be associated with the ability of PAR(2) agonists to enhance IFN-gamma-induced protective effects on human monocytes... - Tumor-derived matrix metalloproteinase-1 targets endothelial proteinase-activated receptor 1 promoting endothelial cell activationTobias Goerge
Department of Dermatology, Institute of Physiology II, , Von-Esmarch Strasse 58, , Germany
Cancer Res 66:7766-74. 2006..Inhibition of this cross-talk may be a powerful means to prevent tumor-induced ECA and thus thrombotic and inflammatory cell adhesion... - Successful treatment of generalized eruptive histiocytoma with PUVAH Lan Ma
Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Munster, Munster, Germany
J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 5:131-4. 2007..The lesions resolved completely after 20 PUVA treatments. No relapses occurred. Systemic PUVA therapy represents a promising option for the treatment of GEH... - Proteinase-activated receptor-2 mediates itch: a novel pathway for pruritus in human skinMartin Steinhoff
Department of Physiology and Experimental Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
J Neurosci 23:6176-80. 2003..PAR-2 therefore represents a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of cutaneous neurogenic inflammation and pruritus... - Colitis induced by proteinase-activated receptor-2 agonists is mediated by a neurogenic mechanismCathy Nguyen
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
Can J Physiol Pharmacol 81:920-7. 2003..These results implicate PAR2 as an important mediator of intestinal neurogenic inflammation... - Neurophysiology of pruritus: interaction of itch and painAkihiko Ikoma
Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Arch Dermatol 139:1475-8. 2003..Therapeutic antipruritic approaches therefore should target both local inflammation and spinal sensitization of itch processing... - Intermedin: a skin peptide that is downregulated in atopic dermatitisFriederike Kindt
Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
J Invest Dermatol 127:605-13. 2007..These data further point to a role of IMD expressed by pericytes in conferring higher susceptibility of the skin of AD patients to inflammatory stimuli... - Neuronal sensitization for histamine-induced itch in lesional skin of patients with atopic dermatitisAkihiko Ikoma
Departments of Dermatology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Arch Dermatol 139:1455-8. 2003..This sensitization does not appear to be simply based on skin inflammation because histamine-induced itch was not augmented in lesional skin of psoriasis... - "Outside-to-inside" (and now back to "outside") pathogenic mechanisms in atopic dermatitisPeter M Elias
Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
J Invest Dermatol 128:1067-70. 2008..This cycle comprises an "outside-inside-outside" model of AD pathogenesis (Elias et al., in press)... - Proteinase-activated receptors: novel signals for peripheral nervesNathalie Vergnolle
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1
Trends Neurosci 26:496-500. 2003..New potential roles are suggested for members of the PAR family, highlighting proteinases and their receptors as potential therapeutic targets for diseases associated with PNS activation... - Activation of proteinase-activated receptor-2 by human kallikrein-related peptidasesKristina Stefansson
Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Dermatology and Venereology, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
J Invest Dermatol 128:18-25. 2008..The role of KLKs in PAR2 activation in vivo remains to be elucidated... - The neurobiology of itchAkihiko Ikoma
Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University, Shogin-Kawahara-cho 54, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
Nat Rev Neurosci 7:535-47. 2006..The antagonistic interaction between pain and itch is already exploited in pruritus therapy, and current research concentrates on the identification of common targets for future analgesic and antipruritic therapy... - [Persistent plaque on the back and right upper arm. Latent syphilis (lues III) with tubero-ulcero-serpiginous plaque]Steffen Emmert
, , Germany
J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 4:156-9. 2006 - [Atopic dermatitis. Pathophysiologic background, scientific status quo and therapeutic strategies]Tobias Goerge
Med Monatsschr Pharm 28:267-76; quiz 277. 2005 - Ubiquitin-dependent down-regulation of the neurokinin-1 receptorGraeme S Cottrell
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, 94143 0660, USA
J Biol Chem 281:27773-83. 2006..Thus, chronic stimulation with SP induces ubiquitination of the NK(1)R, which mediates its degradation and down-regulation... - Protease-activated receptor-2 activation: a major role in the pathogenesis of Porphyromonas gingivalis infectionMarinella Holzhausen
Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr, NW Calgary, T2N 4N1 Alberta, Canada
Am J Pathol 168:1189-99. 2006..gingivalis infection. We conclude that PAR(2) is activated on P. gingivalis infection, in which it plays an important role in the host inflammatory response... - Evaluation of protease-activated receptor 2 in murine models of arthritisNathalie Busso
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
Arthritis Rheum 56:101-7. 2007..We undertook this study to explore the importance of PAR-2 activation in 4 murine models of arthritis and to analyze the expression of PAR-2 in human arthritic synovium... - Role for protease activity in visceral pain in irritable bowel syndromeNicolas Cenac
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
J Clin Invest 117:636-47. 2007..Our study establishes that proteases are released in IBS and that they can directly stimulate sensory neurons and generate hypersensitivity symptoms through the activation of PAR2... - Proteinase-activated receptor-1 is an anti-inflammatory signal for colitis mediated by a type 2 immune responseNicolas Cenac
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
Inflamm Bowel Dis 11:792-8. 2005..CONCLUSIONS: Thus, as opposed to a previously shown proinflammatory role for PAR1 in a TH1 cytokine-mediated colitis, our new data show anti-inflammatory role for PAR1 activation in the setting of TH2 cytokine colitis model... - A role for proteinase-activated receptor-1 in inflammatory bowel diseasesNathalie Vergnolle
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
J Clin Invest 114:1444-56. 2004.... - Anti-inflammatory effects of nitric oxide-releasing hydrocortisone NCX 1022, in a murine model of contact dermatitisEric Hyun
Mucosal Inflammation Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Br J Pharmacol 143:618-25. 2004.... - Frontiers in pruritus research: scratching the brain for more effective itch therapyRalf Paus
Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Lubeck, Lubeck, Germany
J Clin Invest 116:1174-86. 2006.... 
Endothelin-converting enzyme-1 regulates endosomal sorting of calcitonin receptor-like receptor and beta-arrestinsBenjamin E Padilla
Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
J Cell Biol 179:981-97. 2007..We propose a mechanism by which endosomal ECE-1 degrades neuropeptides in endosomes to disrupt the peptide/receptor/beta-arrestin complex, freeing internalized receptors from beta-arrestins and promoting recycling and resensitization...