Christine Stadelmann

..This has led to the hypothesis that disease mechanisms independent of an adaptive immune response contribute to disease progression and closely resemble neurodegeneration...

..We set out to characterize the protein encoded by that ORF...

..There is important heterogeneity between patients in terms of the extent of remyelination, which may reflect underlying differences in pathogenetic mechanisms between patients...

..This review summarizes current knowledge on the interrelation between inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration derived from the study of human autopsy and biopsy brain tissue and experimental models of MS...

..Lately, evidence has accumulated that large areas of grey matter are affected in multiple sclerosis patients...

..Modulation of astrocyte activation may be an attractive therapeutic target to prevent tissue damage in MS...

..Our findings indicate that the inflammatory response, especially macrophage and microglia activation, may be regulated differently in gray matter areas in primate brain...

..This review focuses on recent information from pathologic and imaging studies and summarizes our current knowledge on cortical pathology derived from human and experimental studies...

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..SUMMARY: These studies will lead to better understanding of the pathogenesis of MS lesions and will hopefully identify new therapeutic targets to modulate inflammation, support remyelination and protect axons and neurons in MS...

..It may contribute to radiological changes observed in early MS and most likely plays a major role in the development of disability...

..Laquinimod might thus protect myelin and axons by decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and impairing the migratory capacity of lymphocytes...

..Our data thus suggest that cortical inflammation is a transient phenomenon, and that remyelination of cortical inflammatory-demyelinating lesions may occur rapidly...

..Furthermore, axonal GAP43+ and Syn+ swellings correlated with prolonged survival after TBI, indicating a sustained regenerative response...

..004). No significant changes in GDNF expression were observed. In conclusion, increased synthesis of BDNF and TrkB suggests a contribution of this neurotrophic factor to neurogenesis after bacterial meningitis...

..We conclude that IFN-beta-1a is a suitable candidate to be combined with a directly neuroprotective agent in order to further decrease axonal and neuronal degeneration in MS patients...

..In addition, we show that early MS microglial nodules exhibit both pro- and antiinflammatory phenotypes...

..Together, our results suggest that GICs represent a unique type of cells reminiscent of an immature phenotype that closely resembles but is not identical to NG2 glia with respect to marker expression and functional membrane properties...

..In conclusion, microglia are critical for the successful colonization of the brain by epithelial cancer cells, suggesting inhibition of proinvasive microglia as a promising antimetastatic strategy...

..Our data confirm the high prevalence of cortical demyelination in chronic MS and imply that the propensity to remyelinate is high in cortical MS lesions...

..There was no significant difference between cases with and without PSN. We conclude that in the developing human brain, cells expressing the Fas receptor may be susceptible to undergoing apoptosis in response to hypoxic-ischemic injury...

..We propose that expansion of this research field will help find ways to maintain or enhance spontaneous remyelination in man...

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..On one hand, by favoring the migratory phenotype of progenitors, it may promote myelin repair. On the other hand, stathmin in mature OLs may indicate cell stress and possibly affect survival...

..The data suggest that stress-induced HO-1 initially plays a protective role, while its chronic upregulation, might contribute to oligodendroglial cell death rather than providing protection...

..Taken together, MRI of mouse EAE models with brain lesions provide new insights into lesion pathology and evolution and may prove useful for the in vivo assessment of new therapeutic strategies in MS...

..Local factors within the CNS or PNS may affect this process by modulating the surface receptor profile and activation state of the phagocytic cell or the structure of the myelin sheath...

..Such refined behavioral testing in EAE will be crucial for the analysis of new therapeutic approaches for MS that seek to improve or prevent neurological impairment...

..Thus, our results indicate potential mechanisms of how BMT may contribute to the improvement of MS and provide a rationale for its application in patients suffering from various autoimmune diseases...

..With a correct assignment of 95% of all animals examined, the procedure will allow for the survey of new therapeutic approaches aiming at improved remyelination...

..The present review will focus on the morphological appearance of remyelinating MS lesions, their correlation with oligodendrocyte pathology, and possible markers for remyelination in imaging...

..This pathway may act as an inhibitory feedback aimed to downregulate the deleterious effects of T-cell infiltration in neuroinflammation...

..With chronicity, diffuse inflammation accumulates throughout the whole brain, and is associated with slowly progressive axonal injury in the NAWM and cortical demyelination...

..The vulnerability of different types of neurons to Abeta, thereby, is presumably related to the complexity of their dendritic morphology...

..These results suggest that the variable and patient-dependent extent of remyelination must be considered in the design of future clinical trials aimed at promoting CNS repair...

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..This framework will help to understand the endogenous repair capacity of the CNS and to develop therapeutic strategies to support it...

..Our data suggest that a hypoxia-like tissue injury may play a pathogenetic role in a subset of inflammatory demyelinating brain lesions...

..We believe that this targeted EAE model will become a helpful new tool for the evaluation of therapeutic approaches for MS that attempt to protect axons or support their repair...

..In contrast, isolated neuronal or axonal protection without clinical benefit was achieved under monotherapy with erythropoietin or methylprednisolone, respectively...

..We interpret our findings such that in an ontogenic lack of CD4(+) T cells, EAE is mediated by CD8(+) and elevated levels of alphabetaCD4(-)CD8(-) cells, and that CNS damage is partly enacted by the activity of CD8(+) T cells...

..Due to their neuroprotective effects, the rim of periplaque tissue, where these proteins are expressed, may be resistant to further damage in an expanding lesion and may therefore remain as a layer of preserved myelinated tissue...

..Our findings indicate that autoantigen expression in the liver may generate autoantigen-specific Tregs. Thus, targeting of autoantigens to hepatocytes may be a novel approach to prevention or treatment of autoimmune diseases...

..In summary, our findings suggest that the protective effect of CP96,345 treatment is mediated by stabilization of the blood-brain barrier and suppression of Th1 immunity...

..Overall these findings suggest a pathogenic antibody response to native MOG in a subgroup of MS patients...

..Our data identify cortical demyelination as a potential substrate of cerebellar dysfunction in MS...