Lars Schwabe

....

....

..The shift toward "procedural" learning after stress appears to rescue task performance, whereas attempts to engage the "declarative" system disrupt performance...

..Our findings show that the shift from goal-directed to habitual control of instrumental action under stress necessitates noradrenergic activation and could have important clinical implications, particularly for addictive disorders...

..Individual differences in acute or chronic stress do not account for these findings. Our data suggest that the engagement of hippocampal and nonhippocampal learning strategies may be influenced by stress very early in life...

....

..These findings suggest that concurrent glucocorticoid and noradrenergic activity disrupts the neural bases of goal-directed action and thus renders behavior habitual...

....

..The suggested mechanism encompasses cognitive processes that may contribute to the effects of stress on addictive behavior and could have important implications for the treatment of addiction and the prevention of relapse...

..e., habitual). These findings demonstrate that the concerted action of glucocorticoids and noradrenergic activity shifts instrumental behavior from goal-directed to habitual control...

..Overall learning curves remained unaffected. Thus, the present findings suggest that stress increases the resistance of behavior to extinction. The cause of the behavioral persistence after stress may be its habitual form...

..However, neither stress nor cortisol interacted with the emotionality of the target words. In summary, these findings point to a strong impact of emotional factors on early perceptual experiences...

..These findings show that stress induced by the socially evaluated cold pressor test can make behavior habitual without affecting processes involved in learning...

..Here, we review stress effects on both quantity and quality of memory and address possible implications of these effects for the understanding of stress-related psychiatric disorders...

..These results suggest that new learning impedes the reconsolidation of neutral autobiographical memories...

..These findings suggest that the effect of stress on memory reconsolidation is opposite to the stress effect on memory consolidation supporting the view that consolidation and reconsolidation are distinct processes...

..Stress administered prior to encoding abolished the context-dependent memory enhancement found in the control group. Thus, these findings represent the first demonstration of impaired context-dependent memory following stress...

....

..Moreover, stress reduced subjects' explicit knowledge of the action-outcome contingencies. These results demonstrate for the first time that stress promotes habits at the expense of goal-directed performance in humans...

..These results suggest that the detrimental effects of stress on memory retrieval can be abolished when a distinct learning context is reinstated at test...

..These findings show a memory impairing effect of learning under stress in humans and challenge some assumptions of current theories about the impact of stress around the time of learning on memory formation...

..This finding could help to explain some of the discrepancies in the literature on stress and memory...

..Here, we asked whether a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist might interfere with the reconsolidation of emotional episodic memories and what brain mechanisms are involved in these effects...

..Our data show that a single intranasal insulin administration effectively lowers stress-induced HPA axis responsiveness. Intranasal insulin may offer a therapeutic potential to prevent hyperactivity of the HPA system...

..Learning performance was unaffected by the chronic stress level. We conclude that one consequence of chronic stress is the shift to more rigid stimulus-response learning, that is accompanied by changes in motivational factors in mice...

..negative words...

..Taking into account this dual action of GCs will contribute to a better understanding of stress (hormone) effects on learning and memory...

..It has been postulated that cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress varies with tonic central sympathetic nervous system activity, but pharmacological evidence is missing...

..Procedural memory retrieval and the retrieval of neutral verbal material appear to be less susceptible to stress...

..Although generally adaptive, these changes in the control of instrumental action under stress may promote dysfunctional behaviors and the development of psychiatric disorders such as addiction...

..The effects on heart rate reactivity are small. However, stress-induced parasympathetic withdrawal may be fortified during dehydration in females, which suggests controlling for water intake when studying such responses...

..These findings indicate that the incorporation of social-evaluative elements increases HPA axis responses to the CPT. The SECPT can serve as a tool for future stress research...

..These findings show that retrieval and interference have opposite effects on memory that depend on the remoteness of the memories and raise the question under which conditions reconsolidation effects occur in human memory...

..These sex differences may represent a biological mechanism that contributes to the differential prevalence of fear-related disorders in men and women...

..These findings may have important implications for novel treatment approaches that aim for modification of unwanted memories during reconsolidation...

..We argue that, despite being generally adaptive, this stress-induced shift towards 'habit' memory may, in vulnerable individuals, be a risk factor for psychopathology...