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Genomes and GenesSpecies | Michaell RankeSummaryCountry: Germany Publications
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Publications
Insulin-like growth factor-I treatment of growth disorders, diabetes mellitus and insulin resistanceMichael B Ranke
Paediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children s Hospital, Hoppe Seyler Strasse 1, D 72076 Tubingen, Germany
Trends Endocrinol Metab 16:190-7. 2005..Further studies on IGF-I metabolic effects and growing understanding of the IGF-I-IGF-binding protein system could open new therapeutic avenues...
Growth and development are similar in VLBW children born appropriate and small for gestational age: an interim report on 97 preschool childrenMichael B Ranke
Paediatric Endocrinology Section, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Tuebingen, Germany
J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 20:1017-26. 2007..To investigate growth and development in a cohort of children born with very low birth weight (VLBW) treated at a single tertiary neonatal unit...
Clinical considerations in using growth hormone therapy in growth hormone deficiencyMichael B Ranke
University Children s Hospital, Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Tubingen, Germany
Endocr Dev 18:83-91. 2010..This approach not only optimizes the outcomes but also the cost of treatment. Further efforts are needed to incorporate the existing evidence into the diagnostic procedure and treatment of GH deficiency...
Increased response, but lower responsiveness, to growth hormone (GH) in very young children (aged 0-3 years) with idiopathic GH Deficiency: analysis of data from KIGSMichael B Ranke
Pediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children s Hospital, Hoppe Seyler Strasse 1, D 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:1966-71. 2005..The early detection and GH treatment of congenital GHD is advantageous as a cost-effective strategy for achieving greater improvement of absolute height and growth velocity...
Insulin-like growth factors as diagnostic tools in growth hormone deficiency during childhood and adolescence: the KIGS experienceMichael B Ranke
Paediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children s Hospital, Tubingen, Germany
Horm Res 62:17-25. 2004....
Final height in children with medulloblastoma treated with growth hormoneMichael B Ranke
Paediatric Endocrinology Section, Children s Hospital, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
Horm Res 64:28-34. 2005..Height in general is severely compromised in survivors. The present study is an extension of the investigation by the author's group of the effect of exogenous growth hormone (GH) among medulloblastoma patients...
Treatment of dwarfism with recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1Michael B Ranke
Universitätsklinik für Kinder und Jugendmedizin, Sektion Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Tubingen
Dtsch Arztebl Int 106:703-9. 2009..In primary disturbances of IGF-1 production, short stature can only be treated with recombinant human IGF-1 (rhIGF-1). rhIGF-1 was recently approved for this indication but can also be used to treat other conditions...
Defining insulin-like growth factor-I deficiencyMichael B Ranke
Paediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children's Hospital, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
Horm Res 65:9-14. 2006
Sensitivity to IGF-I in short children born small for gestational ageM B Ranke
Section Pediatric Endocrinology, Children s Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
J Endocrinol Invest 29:21-6. 2006..Adequate additional therapies could in future result in positive effects on co-morbidities associated with IGF-I insensitivity in SGA children in addition to height gain...
Major determinants of height development in Turner syndrome (TS) patients treated with GH: analysis of 987 patients from KIGSMichael B Ranke
Paediatric Endocrinology Section, Children s Hospital, University of Tuebingen, D 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
Pediatr Res 61:105-10. 2007..Evidently, height at GH start (the taller, the better), age at GH start (the younger, the better), the responsiveness to GH (the higher, the better) and age at puberty (the later, the better) determine NAH...
Age at growth hormone therapy start and first-year responsiveness to growth hormone are major determinants of height outcome in idiopathic short statureMichael B Ranke
Paediatric Endocrinology Section, Children s Hospital, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
Horm Res 68:53-62. 2007..To develop methods to identify factors associated with a favorable outcome in GH-treated children with idiopathic short stature (ISS)...
KIGS: 20 yearsMichaell Ranke
Department of Pediatrics and Endocrinology, University Children's Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
Horm Res 68:40. 2007
Prediction models for short children born small for gestational age (SGA) covering the total growth phase. Analyses based on data from KIGS (Pfizer International Growth Database)Michael B Ranke
Paediatric Endocrinology Section, Children s Hospital, University of Tuebingen, D 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 11:38. 2011..The aims of this study were to compile existing prediction models for short children born SGA (SGA), to develop new models and to validate the algorithms...
Predicting growth in response to growth hormone treatmentMichael B Ranke
Paediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children s Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
Growth Horm IGF Res 19:1-11. 2009..While all aspects of model development bear continued scrutiny and improvement, the incorporation of more predictors is key if treatment outcomes are to be optimized in terms of efficacy, safety and cost...
[Considerations of growth hormone treatment during the transition from adolescence to adulthood]M B Ranke
Universitätsklinik für Kinder und Jugendmedizin, Pädiatrische Endokrinologie und Diabetologie, Universitat Tubingen
Dtsch Med Wochenschr 134:1117-20. 2009..0 SDS). GH treatment during the transition phase should be monitored by an endocrinologist with expertise in dealing with adolescent and adult patients, as well as having experience in structuring treatment and documentation...
Noonan syndrome: growth to growth hormone - the experience of observational studiesMichael B Ranke
Department of Pediatrics, University of Tubingen, Germany
Horm Res 72:36-40. 2009..Both case studies and observational studies are necessary in order to obtain further evidence about the efficacy and safety of GH treatment in NS...
Observed and predicted growth responses in prepubertal children with growth disorders: guidance of growth hormone treatment by empirical variablesMichael B Ranke
Pediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children s Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Hoppe Seyler Strasse 1, Tuebingen D 72076, Germany
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:1229-37. 2010..7; P < 0.001). Conclusions: Decisions on GH therapy regimens should be made using both traditional (HV or DeltaHt SDS) and prediction model-derived (SR) indices of growth response...
Height at start, first-year growth response and cause of shortness at birth are major determinants of adult height outcomes of short children born small for gestational age and Silver-Russell syndrome treated with growth hormone: analysis of data from KIGMichael B Ranke
Paediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children s Hospital, Tubingen, Germany
Horm Res Paediatr 74:259-66. 2010..There is limited information about adult height (AH) outcomes and the factors influencing outcomes of growth hormone (GH) therapy in short children born small for gestational age (SGA)...
IGF-I and IGF binding protein-3 levels during initial GH dosage step-up are indicators of GH sensitivity in GH-deficient children and short children born small for gestational ageMichael B Ranke
Paediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children s Hospital, Tubingen, Germany
Horm Res 64:68-76. 2005..A stepwise increment of the GH dose is an approach aimed at avoiding adverse events. We investigated GH sensitivity by studying IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations during the initial phase of GH treatment...
Reference levels of insulin-like growth factor I in the serum of healthy adults: comparison of four immunoassaysMichael Bernd Ranke
Paediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children s Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
Clin Chem Lab Med 41:1329-34. 2003....
Prediction of response to growth hormone treatment in short children born small for gestational age: analysis of data from KIGS (Pharmacia International Growth Database)Michael B Ranke
Sektion Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Universitatsklinikum Tubingen, Eberhard Karls Universitat, D 72076 Tubingen, Germany
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:125-31. 2003..Furthermore, this model can be used to provide patients with a realistic expectation of treatment and may help to identify compliance problems or other underlying causes of treatment failure...
New paradigms for growth hormone treatment in the 21st century: prediction modelsM B Ranke
Paediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children s Hospital, Tubingen, Germany
J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 13:1365-9. 2000..Growth prediction models will facilitate realistic expectations and will permit stepwise goals to be set and monitored...
A growth prediction model for short children born small for gestational ageMichael B Ranke
Paediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children's Hospital, , Germany
J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 15:1273. 2002
Early-onset idiopathic growth hormone deficiency within KIGSMichael B Ranke
Paediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children s Hospital, Tubingen, Germany
Horm Res 60:18-21. 2003..Thus, it is suggested that early diagnosis and initiation of treatment in GH-deficient patients is strongly needed to achieve the maximum effects from therapy...
Prediction model of total pubertal growth in idiopathic growth hormone deficiency: analysis of data from KIGSMichael B Ranke
Paediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children's Hospital, , Germany
Horm Res 60:58-9. 2003
The mathematical model for total pubertal growth in idiopathic growth hormone (GH) deficiency suggests a moderate role of GH doseMichael B Ranke
Pediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children s Hospital, Tubingen D 72076 Germany
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:4748-53. 2003..The use of a higher GH dosage at the onset of puberty should thus depend on the individual's height development. The TPG model aids in the planning of individually optimized and cost-effective GH treatment...
The potential of prediction models based on data from KIGS as tools to measure responsiveness to growth hormone. Pharmacia International Growth DatabaseM B Ranke
Paediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children s Hospital, Tubingen, Germany
Horm Res 55:44-8. 2001..This will improve the efficacy and safety of GH treatment as well as reducing the costs involved...
Predicting the response to recombinant human growth hormone in Turner syndrome: KIGS models. KIGS International Board. Kabi International Growth StudyM B Ranke
Paediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children s Hospital, Tubingen, Germany
Acta Paediatr Suppl 88:122-5. 1999....
Long-term treatment of growth hormone insensitivity syndrome with IGF-I. Results of the European Multicentre Study. The Working Group on Growth Hormone Insensitivity SyndromesM B Ranke
University Children s Hospitals of Tübingen, Germany
Horm Res 51:128-34. 1999..If treatment is started at an early age, there is considerable potential for achieving height normalisation. The treatment modalities need to be optimized with respect to the growth-promoting and metabolic effects of IFG-I...
Catch-up growth: new lessons for the clinicianMichael B Ranke
Paediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children s Hospital, Tubingen, Germany
J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 15:1257-66. 2002....
Insulin-like growth factors and binding proteins in early milk from mothers of preterm and term infantsMartin W Elmlinger
Pediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children s Hospital, Tubingen, Germany
Horm Res 68:124-31. 2007..The results provide further evidence that IGFBP-2 and IGF-II in breast milk are relevant factors for the early development of preterm infants...
Growth during the first two years predicts pre-school height in children born with very low birth weight (VLBW): results of a study of 1,320 children in GermanyBranko Trebar
Paediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children s Hospital, D 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
Pediatr Res 62:209-14. 2007..65 SDS): 1st yr Ht SDS; change (2nd yr) in Ht and weight SDS; MPH SDS; 1st yr weight SDS; birth weight SDS. Thus, some AGA and SGA children born VLBW remain short and preventive strategies need to be developed for those at risk...
Prevalence of autoantibodies associated with thyroid and celiac disease in Ullrich-Turner syndrome in relation to adult height after growth hormone treatmentMarkus Bettendorf
University Children s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 19:149-54. 2006..Therefore, medical care for patients with UTS should routinely include screening for these autoimmune disorders in order to assure early detection and appropriate treatment...
Similar effects of long-term exogenous growth hormone (GH) on bone and muscle parameters: a pQCT study of GH-deficient and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) childrenRoland Schweizer
Paediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children s Hospital, Hoppe Seyler Strasse 1, D 72076, Tubingen, Germany
Bone 41:875-81. 2007..Treatment with GH in short children has focused on height development. Little is known about the concomitant changes in muscle mass, bone structure and bone strength...
Muscle function improves during growth hormone therapy in short children born small for gestational age: results of a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study on body compositionRoland Schweizer
Pediatric Endocrinology Section, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Hoppe Seyler Strasse 1, D 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:2978-83. 2008..They also face a high risk of the metabolic syndrome developing after childhood. It is not known whether low muscle mass influences muscle function...
Age-dependency of insulin-like growth factors, insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins, and acid labile subunit in plasma and wounds of surgical patientsCorinna Wicke
Department of Surgery, Pediatric Endocrinology Section of the Children s Hospital, and BG Trauma Center, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
Wound Repair Regen 10:360-5. 2002..The current data adds to accumulating evidence that a decline in the IGF system in aged patients contributes to the healing deficits observed in the elderly...
Screening for insulin-like growth factor-I receptor mutations in patients with Silver-Russell syndromeGerhard Binder
University Children s Hospital and Growth Research Center, Tubingen, Germany
J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 15:1167-71. 2002..Our data do not support the suggestion that the IGF-I receptor is frequently involved in the pathogenesis of SRS...
IGFs, IGFBPs, IGF-binding sites and biochemical markers of bone metabolism during differentiation in human pulp fibroblastsKatharina M Reichenmiller
Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine at the University of Tübingen, Germany
Horm Res 62:33-9. 2004..To investigate the role of the insulin-like growth factors (IGF) system during the differentiation of human pulp-derived fibroblasts (HPF)...
SHOX haploinsufficiency and Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis: prevalence and growth failure in relation to mutation, sex, and degree of wrist deformityGerhard Binder
Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Children s Hospital, Hoppe Seyler Strasse 1, 72076 Tubingen, Germany
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:4403-8. 2004..No statistically significant effects of type of mutation, age of menarche, or sex on height were observed. The effect of GH therapy varied between individuals and needs to be examined in controlled studies...
Predicting the response to growth hormone treatment in short children with chronic kidney diseaseOtto Mehls
Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Im Neuenheimer Feld 150, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:686-92. 2010..The model will help in identifying nonresponders and to tailor treatment strategies...
Ketoacidosis at onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children--frequency and clinical presentationAndreas Neu
University of Tuebingen, University Children s Hospital, Hoppe Seyler Str 1, 72076, Tubingen, Germany
Pediatr Diabetes 4:77-81. 2003..Since 1987, patients with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus type 1 under 15 yr of age have been registered in Baden-Wuerttemberg (BW), Germany...
Growth hormone-induced increases in skeletal muscle mass alleviates the associated insulin resistance in short children born small for gestational age, but not with growth hormone deficiencyDavid D Martin
University Children s Hospital, Tubingen, Germany
Horm Res 72:38-45. 2009....
Insulin tolerance test causes hypokalaemia and can provoke cardiac arrhythmiasGerhard Binder
University Children s Hospital, Tubingen, Germany
Horm Res 62:84-7. 2004..In addition, in the case of a comatose child during ITT the determination of the glucose and potassium level as well as adequate treatment are necessary...
Reference ranges for two automated chemiluminescent assays for serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3)Martin W Elmlinger
Pediatric Endocrinology, University Children s Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
Clin Chem Lab Med 42:654-64. 2004..5th centile. In conclusion, the automated IMMULITE IGF-I and IGFBP-3 assays are reliable tools in the diagnosis of pathologies of the GH/IGF axis and in the follow-up of their therapies...
The endocrine phenotype in silver-russell syndrome is defined by the underlying epigenetic alterationGerhard Binder
Pediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children s Hospital, Hoppe Seyler Str 1, 72076 Tubingen, Germany
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:1402-7. 2008..Around 50% of children with Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) carry a hypomethylation of the imprinting control region 1 at the IGF2/H19 locus on 11p15, the functional significance of which is unknown...
Assessment of relevant hepatic steatosis in obese adolescents by rapid fat-selective GRE imaging with spatial-spectral excitation: a quantitative comparison with spectroscopic findingsFabian Springer
Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Tubingen, Hoppe Seyler Str 3, 72076 Tubingen, Germany
Eur Radiol 21:816-22. 2011..To test the feasibility of fat-selective GRE imaging using a spectral-spatial excitation technique for determination of intrahepatic lipid content (IHL) in obese adolescents...
Reference ranges for serum concentrations of lutropin (LH), follitropin (FSH), estradiol (E2), prolactin, progesterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), cortisol and ferritin in neonates, children and young adulMartin W Elmlinger
University Children s Hospital, Paediatric Endocrinology Section, Tuebingen, Germany
Clin Chem Lab Med 40:1151-60. 2002..Our findings agree with earlier studies. The calculated reference intervals can be used to assess the development of children, particularly for measurements performed by the Immulite and Immulite 2000 chemiluminescence assay systems...
Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents is still a rare disease in Germany: a population-based assessment of the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and MODY in patients aged 0-20 yearsAndreas Neu
University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Hoppe Seyler Strasse 1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
Pediatr Diabetes 10:468-73. 2009....
The early dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate rise of adrenarche and the delay of pubarche indicate primary ovarian failure in Turner syndromeDavid D Martin
University Children's Hospital, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:1164-8. 2004..These data demonstrate that normal timing of adrenarche is dependent on gonadal function and suggest that normal pubarche is the clinical manifestation of the ovarian conversion of DHEAS to active androgens...
Homozygosity of the d3-growth hormone receptor polymorphism is associated with a high total effect of GH on growth and a low BMI in girls with Turner syndromeGerhard Binder
University Children s Hospital Tuebingen, Pediatric Endocrinology Section, Tuebingen, Germany
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 68:567-72. 2008..Here, we studied the long-term effect of GH therapy in Turner syndrome in correlation to this polymorphism...
Pilot study of elevated levels of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 as indicators of hepatocellular carcinomaMichael B Ranke
Paediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children s Hospital, Tubingen, Germany
Horm Res 60:174-80. 2003..Our aim was to evaluate the role of IGFBP-2 levels together with insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II and IGFBP-3 in the diagnostic work-up of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)...
Uterine size in women with Turner syndrome after induction of puberty with estrogens and long-term growth hormone therapy: results of the German IGLU Follow-up Study 2001Helmuth G Doerr
University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Erlangen, Germany
Hum Reprod 20:1418-21. 2005..To evaluate the factors influencing uterine size in young adult women with Turner syndrome (TS) after long-term growth hormone (GH) treatment...
Incidence of diabetes mellitus among children of Italian migrants substantiates the role of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetesStefan Ehehalt
University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Hoppe Seyler Strasse 1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
Eur J Pediatr 168:613-7. 2009....
Central laboratory reassessment of IGF-I, IGF-binding protein-3, and GH serum concentrations measured at local treatment centers in growth-impaired children: implications for the agreement between outpatient screening and the results of somatotropic axis Berthold P Hauffa
Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
Eur J Endocrinol 157:597-603. 2007....
Total pubertal growth and markers of puberty onset in adolescents with GHD: comparison between mathematical growth analysis and pubertal staging methodsDavid D Martin
Paediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children's Hospital, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 1, DE-72076 Tubingen, Germany
Horm Res 63:95-101. 2005..In our study, 40% of TPG occurred before "breast stage B2" was attained in GHD girls; whereas 23% of TPG occurred before "testes >3 ml" in GHD boys...
Musculoskeletal abnormalities of the forearm in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis relate mainly to bone geometryJohannes Roth
University Children s Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
Arthritis Rheum 50:1277-85. 2004..This study was undertaken to obtain a more detailed understanding of the musculoskeletal system in JIA by analyzing bone density, bone geometry, and muscle force as the most important factor in bone development...
Structural analysis of human growth hormone with respect to the dominant expression of growth hormone (GH) mutations in isolated GH deficiency type IIDaniel I Iliev
Pediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children s Hospital, Hoppe Seyler Strasse 1, D 72076 Tuebingen Germany
Endocrinology 146:1411-7. 2005..The inhibitory effect of GH mutants on heterologously expressed, non-GH proteins suggests that the dominant negative effect is not limited to GH or to proteins of the regulated secretory pathway, but may depend on expression levels...
In vitro analysis of hGH secretion in the presence of mutations of amino acids involved in zinc bindingDaniel I Iliev
Pediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children s Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
J Mol Endocrinol 39:163-7. 2007..Our in vitro data do not support the hypothesis of disturbed Zn(2+) binding as a major pathogenetic mechanism in dominantly transmitted GH deficiency...
Central reassessment of GH concentrations measured at local treatment centers in children with impaired growth: consequences for patient managementBerthold P Hauffa
Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology and Endocrinology, University Children s Hospital, Essen, Germany
Eur J Endocrinol 150:291-7. 2004....
Auxology is a valuable instrument for the clinical diagnosis of SHOX haploinsufficiency in school-age children with unexplained short statureGerhard Binder
University Children s Hospital, 72076 Tubingen, Germany
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:4891-6. 2003..Our observations suggest that it is rational to limit SHOX mutation screening to children with an extremities-trunk ratio less than 1.95 + 1/2 height (m) and to add a critical judgment of the hand radiography...
Automatic determination of left- and right-hand bone age in the First Zurich Longitudinal StudyDavid D Martin
University Children s Hospital, Tubingen, Germany
Horm Res Paediatr 74:50-5. 2010..The aim was to study the average difference of automated BoneXpert BA determination (left- vs. right-hand) for normal children, examine the precision of automatic BA and provide a BA reference for normal Caucasian children...
MR imaging and spectroscopy of a tuber cinereum hamartoma in a patient with growth hormone deficiency and hypogonadotropic hypogonadismDavid D Martin
Section for Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Tubingen, 72076 Tubingen, Germany
AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 24:1177-80. 2003..This report stresses the advantages of short-TE spectroscopy and demonstrates that regional variations in spectra should be considered when reference structures are used...
Clinical application of automated Greulich-Pyle bone age determination in children with short statureDavid D Martin
Paediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children s Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
Pediatr Radiol 39:598-607. 2009..Bone age (BA) rating is time consuming and highly rater dependent...
IGF-independent effects of IGFBP-2 on the human breast cancer cell line Hs578TKlaus W Frommer
Pediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children s Hospital, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
J Mol Endocrinol 37:13-23. 2006..Our results suggest that IGFBP-2-induced gene expressions are of functional significance for proliferation, cell adhesion, cell migration and apoptosis, and showed that IGFBP-2 can promote apoptosis in tumor cells independent of IGF...
