I Koch

..Reasons are discussed for the finding that relational chunking was more pronounced in the keystroke than in the digit sequences...

..This suggests that learning is particularly effective for sequences of spatial locations. It is argued that spatial learning is a critical determinant for the debate on perceptual and motor learning...

..This preparation, however, reduced reaction time level but was not specific to task shifts. Finally, Experiment 4 showed that a within-subject C..

..We conclude that effect anticipation influences response selection on both a perceptual level (related to the word's color) and a conceptual level (related to the word's meaning)...

..We conclude that exogenous processes that are related to task set affect performance primarily if they are presented before endogenous processes of task set preparation have been launched...

..This learning was not significantly different from that of the control group. Taken together, the data suggest that learning hierarchically structured action sequences is unimpaired in patients with prefrontal-cortex lesion...

..Further theoretical implications of these findings are discussed...

..We hypothesize that the explicit instructions led to chunking of the task sequence, and that n- 2 repetitions served as chunk points (ABA-CBC), so that within-chunk facilitation modulated the inhibition effect...

..Taken together, these findings indicate that distinct brain areas are involved in the voluntary selection of abstract task set information...

..In both experiments, response preparation impaired accuracy in the visual task. Taken together, these results suggest that response processes and visual encoding share common codes and processes...

..This finding is interpreted as evidence for a specific impairment in self-initiated as opposed to externally triggered task preparation...

....

..Thus, the observed influence of REC on action execution was not due exclusively to actual auditory feedback. The anticipation of distal action effects may be involved in planning the dynamics of temporally precise movements...

..Taken together, the data support the notion that explicit sequence learning can lead to motor 'chunking', so that pre-planned response sequences are shielded from conflicting stimulus information...

..Prolonged preparation time decreased the cost of changing the cue-task mapping but did not change the overall pattern of results...

..We found that overlap in response set affects task inhibition. We suggest that response set overlap increases the competition among tasks and, thus, triggers task inhibition to resolve this competition...

....

..Thus, the present study demonstrates dissociable contributions of response selection and response execution to interference effects in task switching...

....

..e., when the "switch" cue is repeated). We discuss the methodological implications and argue that the present approach has merits relative to the previously used 2:1 mapping of cues to tasks...

..We suggest that task switching interacts with higher-order control processes that cannot be studied within the traditional task-switching paradigm...

..We thus conclude that a persisting activation bias of response rules plays a major role in task switching...

..Implications concerning different underlying learning mechanisms (R-R learning vs. R-S learning) are discussed. Specifically, we suggest that the high response-effect distinctiveness of the verbal responses facilitated R-R learning...

..The authors concluded that inhibition of irrelevant task sets arises only at response selection and that residual shift costs reflect such persisting inhibition...

..This CTC effect diminished with long SOA but occurred even in no-report trials, implying that it refers to an automatically activated and then decaying code that primes response selection in the RT task...

..External cues additionally facilitate preparatory retrieval of task-specific stimulus-response rules. This account may also explain why incidental task-sequence learning based on internal cues did not reduce shift costs...

..We attribute this increase to unspecific distracting factors affecting late motor processes and discuss potential methodological implications of this increased baseline RT in the scanner...

..The results support and specify ideo-motor theories of action control that assume movements to be controlled by anticipations of their sensorial effects...

..Together, the experiments support the notion of a response-related component of task inhibition...

..The authors interpret the costs of repeating an identical or compatible response in terms of a general mechanism of action selection that involves coding the task-specific meaning of a response...

..We interpret these results as indicating that the present two tasks share both "central" processes and common representational codes, but that these two levels of dual-task interference can be dissociated...

....

..The data thus suggest that task switching does not necessarily require a switch-specific reconfiguration process. Rather, task-specific control processes may be needed in both task switches and repetitions...

..We assume that different response modalities can define a task and are inhibited in a "task switch" in the same way as stimulus categories are inhibited...

..Taken together, the data suggest a considerable degree of task-set inertia in dual-task performance, which is also reinforced by finding costs of switching task sequences (e.g., AC --> BC vs. BC --> BC) in Experiment 3...

..The differential response-switch effects may reflect different modes of response activation in pro- and antisaccades (sensorimotor transformation of visual information versus selection of motor programs)...

..This links the amount of inhibition to the activation level of the competing tasks, whereas evidence for the decay of inhibition remains weak...

....