V Schusdziarra

..To evaluate these apparently contradictory results in greater detail both ways of analysis were applied to the same data set of dietary records...

..The experiments were carried out on ileum segments 10 cm in length incubated in an single chambered organ bath, and the reflex response was initiated by electrical stimulation (ES)...

..Potential surgical intervention, however, should be carefully evaluated during a six month preoperative treatment phase. During this time period indications and contraindications must be evaluated...

..Such interaction could also be of interest for therapeutic strategies involving both regulating groups of neuropeptides...

..However, food quantity (FQ) during single meals, number of meals, cognitive and sensory mechanisms may also contribute to the modification of EI...

..Weight change was analyzed in a cohort of obese patients whose eating habits were changed individually mainly on the basis of food energy density (ED) to evaluate the feasibility of this concept for a larger controlled trial...

..The ascending excitatory response is abolished by atropine and hexamethonium and is modulated by capsicin-sensitive fibers. The ascending pathway is under tonic inhibition of metabolites of the L-arginine-NO pathway...

..Therefore, the physiological relevance of the immunohistochemical findings remain unclear...

..It is speculated that this VIP release is induced by a presynaptic stimulatory mechanism of NO and this effect could enhance or contribute to the action of NO...

..Thus, mu- and kappa-receptors seem to be involved in regulating the contraction strength of the ascending reflex, whereas both mu- and delta-receptors seem to be involved in the timing of the reflex response...

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..The potential roles of protein phosphatases on NANC neurotransmission remain to be clarified in detail, as this might offer a new pathway for modulating smooth-muscle function...

..This suggests that melatonin may be another transmitter candidate for the apamin sensitive responses within the gastrointestinal tract...

..The precise role of GABA receptor activation in the regulation of presynaptic nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in nerve terminals is unknown...

..Thus casomorphins could have a local effect on the gut wall with no need for systemic absorption. This might be used for a possible therapeutic application...

..In conclusion, the present data indicate that apart from disturbances of insulin secretion substantial changes of insulin clearance contribute to inadequate peripheral insulin concentrations in obese DM2 patients...

..When carbohydrates are consumed 2 h prior to exercise its lipolytic effect is comparable to the protein meal. These data are useful in every day dietary counselling and might help to improve weight loss during obesity treatment...

..This raises a promising perspective for treatment of obesity...

..The inverse relationship with insulin might depend on the level of hyperinsulinemia. The present data are compatible with a potential role of obestatin in nutrient regulation...

..The significant increase in EJP in CB1-deficient mice strongly suggests a physiological involvement of CB1 in excitatory cholinergic neurotransmission...

..In contrast, none of the Ca(2+) channel blockers affected VIP release evoked by exogenous NO, suggesting that NO induces VIP secretion by a different mechanism, presumably involving intracellular Ca(2+) stores...

..Orlistat reduces energy uptake by the impairment of fat digestion and some evidence indicates it also lowers plasma cholesterol...

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..In comparison to placebo, casokefamide showed a trend toward prolongation of oro-caecal transit time. Orally applied casokefamide is well tolerated and may represent a useful tool for treatment of diarrhea in the future...

..The failure of naloxone to completely antagonize the effect of the higher concentration of EM-1 or EM-2 could be due to insufficient dosage or might indicate the involvement of non-opiate receptor mechanisms...

..The involved cannabinoid receptors are most likely located on neuronal structures. The present study also provides evidence that more than one receptor type is involved...

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..The presence of mt1 receptor transcripts adds supportive evidence for a possible physiological role of melatonin within the enteric nervous system...

..The associated basal and stimulated hyperinsulinemia is the result of differentiated changes of insulin secretion and clearance, respectively...

..Furthermore, the effect of a dietary intervention on the metabolic alterations in cirrhotic patients was examined...

..The present data suggest that low rather than high-intensity exercise stimulates ghrelin levels independent of exercise duration. Stimulation of food intake during prolonged exercise is most likely not due to changes of ghrelin...

..The orexigenic gastric hormone ghrelin contributes to feeding regulation and as yet it is unknown whether there is any differential ghrelin response to these starchy food items corresponding to their effects on food intake...

..Cephalic-vagal and intragastric neural mechanisms most likely do not contribute to the postprandial regulation of ghrelin secretion...

..Thus, N/OFQ is an inhibitor of gastric somatostatin secretion. At the lower dose, this effect is transmitted via NOP receptors, while at the higher dose of 10(-6) M, the effect is at least in part mediated via opiate receptors...

..Thus, postprandial insulin secretion cannot respond adequately to the challenge of weight-dependent insulin resistance already in non-diabetic obese subjects...

..Because protein-rich meals do not effectively stimulate GIP release, other as yet unknown intestinal factors must be responsible for protein-induced stimulation of ghrelin release...

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..Postprandial suppression of ghrelin is attenuated by as yet unknown mechanisms that are related to body weight but not to insulin or type 2 diabetes...

..The relationship between ghrelin and glycerol would support recent observations of a possible role of ghrelin in fat metabolism...

..The physiological relevance of these findings remains to be established, since the data presented suggest that the endomorphins act as neuromodulators within NANC relaxant neurotransmission...

..e. pravastatin, the somatostatin analogue octreotide, or the cytidine analogue gemcitabine. The present study aimed to evaluate these substances in patients with progressive tumor growth...

..Thus in experiments investigating more complex neuronal circuits, experiments with antagonists should be regarded as more specific...

..Using the example of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), this study aimed to elucidate one of the factors possibly concerned--namely, the extent to which the examiners are adequately blinded...

..These mechanisms could be involved in gastrointestinal motor diseases and may explain the phenotype of nNOSalpha knockout mice with gastric stasis and pyloric stenosis, due to a total loss of nNOS in the pyloric sphincter region...

..5 microg exendin-(9-39) amide every 20 min, 1-h food intake was significantly increased by 300%. These data strongly support and extend the concept of GLP-1 as a physiological regulator of food intake in the hypothalamus...

..Thus our results show that even low concentrations of patulin penetrate the gastric wall. Toxic effects, however, are unlikely as most of the patulin is disintegrated...