Georg Hacker

..Here, an attempt is made to present the current knowledge about the molecular events in the development of these morphological alterations and to place these changes in the context of apoptotic cell death...

..Here we discuss the context in which these models are placed and attempt to weigh the evidence...

..Here we discuss these recent insights and provide a view on how the regulation of activated T cell death is achieved and how extrinsic signals may translate into the activation of the apoptotic pathway...

..Here, we will attempt to structure the field of bacterial inhibition of apoptosis and discuss recent advancements in our knowledge of how chlamydiae interfere with the host cell's capacity to undergo apoptosis...

..The authors' opinion is presented on the merits and feasibility of approaches that aim at treating disease by interfering with the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway...

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..Phagocytosis-induced apoptosis was strongly reduced in Bim(-/-) macrophages. These data provide the molecular context of a form of apoptosis that may serve to dispose of terminally differentiated phagocytes...

..These data suggest that FADD and Bcl-3 regulate separate pathways that both contribute to survival and proliferation in mouse T cells...

..IL-1, IL-7, and IL-15 primed T cells for survival even in the absence of Bim or Puma. Our data define interrelations and a Bim-independent pathway to activated T cell death...

..Thus, cell death induction by a BH3-only protein can occur through a process that is independent of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins but requires mitochondrial targeting...

..These results show that chlamydial infection leads to a broad degradation of BH3-only proteins. This loss of proapoptotic factors can explain the almost general protection of infected cells against apoptotic stimuli...

..These data show that chlamydial infection renders host cells apoptosis resistant at a premitochondrial step and demonstrate the consequences of premature apoptosis for development of the bacteria...

..These results argue that it is not the form of cell death but its circumstances that decide the question whether cell death leads to a productive T cell response...

..In conclusion, our data do not support the concept of a unique, nonredundant role of SODD for the functions of TNFR1, Hsp70, and DR3...

..Thus, a mechanism exists by which caspase-8-activation can be accelerated at death receptors and this mechanism can be triggered by targeting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation...

..These results indicate that T. gondii targets activation of pro-apoptotic Bax and Bak to inhibit the apoptogenic function of mitochondria and to increase host-cell viability...

..The constitutive activation of AP-1 may thus serve to precondition resting T cells for an enhanced expression of many immunologically relevant genes during activation...

..These results define CPAF as the first protein that is essential for replication of Chlamydia. We suggest that this role makes CPAF a potential anti-infective therapeutic target...

..Thus, TLR stimulation of macrophages can regulate Bim levels in opposing ways, namely by transcriptional induction and by phosphorylation-dependent degradation of the protein...

..IL-1β-dependent secretion of IL-8 was further reduced by CPAF expression. Secretion of CPAF is, thus, a mechanism that reduces host cell sensitivity to a proinflammatory stimulus, which may facilitate bacterial growth in vivo...

..Thus, this study implicates CXCL16 as an additional neutrophil chemoattractant in cerebrospinal fluid in early pneumococcal meningitis...

..Thus, our data demonstrate that effector CTL differentiation and apoptosis are regulated independently. Moreover, Ag distribution on cells other than DC critically reduces CTL responses...

..The results thus indicate that the link between the apoptotic pathway and commonly used indicators of apoptosis is less tight than it appears from experiments with cytotoxic stimuli...

..We propose that this form of apoptosis is the physiological conclusion of an innate immune response against pyogenic bacteria...

..These results indicate that apoptosis is essential to turn off activated neutrophils and show that inflammatory activity and disease severity in a pyogenic infection can be modulated by targeting the apoptotic pathway in neutrophils...

..Human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is very resistant to chemotherapy. ABT-737 is a novel inhibitor of anti-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family that has shown promise in various preclinical tumour models...

..We thus here describe a pathway leading from the detection of viral RNA during MVA infection by the cytosolic helicase-pathway, to the up-regulation of Noxa and apoptosis via IRF3 and type I IFN signalling...

..Here we discuss how this mechanism might fit into and expand existing models and speculate about the potential implications of this finding...

..Therefore, these cellular anti-apoptotic proteins are not essential for apoptosis-protection by C. trachomatis...

..Together, these results argue for a specific proapoptotic activity of TRIF as part of the host innate immune response to bacterial or viral infection...

..Active CPAF in uninfected human cells thus mimics many features of chlamydial infection, implicating CPAF as a major factor of chlamydial pathogenicity, Chlamydia-associated cell damage, and inflammation...

..The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of IAP in the regulation of apoptosis in CLL cells...

..We will further review our present knowledge of DNA recognition and DNA-dependent signal transduction in cells of the immune system...

..Due to their immunostimulatory and proapoptotic activity, RIG-I and MDA-5 ligands have therapeutic potential due to their ability to overcome the characteristic resistance of melanoma cells to apoptosis...

..These results show that uptake and digestion of bacteria leads to MyD88-independent apoptosis in mouse macrophages. This form of cell death might have implications for the generation of the immune response...

..Elucidating the mechanisms that regulate the apoptotic program of tumor cells can contribute to a better understanding of tumor development and potentially be relevant for therapeutic drug design...

..These data show a distinct role of caspases during primaryT cell activation and provide evidence for a FADD-caspase-pathway not only in the induction of apoptosis but also of T cell proliferation...

..Importantly, the efficacy of this therapy depends on endogenous Noxa, and the ability of chemotherapeutic drugs to activate Noxa may be a valuable predictor of their synergism with Bcl-2-targeting drugs...