S Engeli

..Thus, activation of the ECS is a hallmark of abdominal obesity, and explains the success of pharmacological CB(1) blockade, but serious attempts have to be made to clarify the underlying mechanisms of this activation...

..Weight loss interventions may influence obesity-associated risk indirectly through modulation of the peripheral ECS. We investigated the effect of acute and chronic treatment with sibutramine on components of the peripheral ECS...

..Despite the current discussion of safety issues of cannabinoid receptor blockade, these findings open a new and exciting perspective on endocannabinoids as regulators of body weight and metabolism...

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..Thus, data from clinical trials clearly suggest that the RAAS plays an important role for the pathophysiology of the Metabolic Syndrome, but the molecular mechanisms are not understood very well at present...

..Even though water immersion blunts exercise-induced sympathoadrenal activation, lipid mobilization and lipid oxidation rate are maintained or even improved. The response may be explained by augmented ANP release...

..Treatment recommendations for lean hypertensives may not be simply extrapolated to obese hypertensive persons...

..To test the hypothesis that variations in trunk circumferences influence the accuracy of bioimpedance analysis (BIA) for assessment of percent fat mass (%FM)...

..Endogeneous ANG II may slightly increase adipose tissue lipolysis. The mechanism may promote the redistribution of triglycerides from adipose tissue toward other organs...

..The serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor sibutramine is a widely used antiobesity drug. In acute studies, the peripheral sympathomimetic effect of sibutramine was counteracted by a central sympatholytic action...

..In this paper we review the role of these factors in the development of obesity-associated hypertension, thereby focusing on the potential role of adipose tissue in these alterations...

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..Our data support the idea that sibutramine's peripheral sympathomimetic effect is counteracted by a central sympatholytic mechanism...

..The mechanisms are independent of any currently known renin-related effects...

..These data suggest that a 5% reduction in body weight can lead to a meaningfully reduced renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in plasma and adipose tissue, which may contribute to the reduced blood pressure...

..Our findings support the presence of a peripheral endocannabinoid system that is upregulated in human obesity...

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..The exact mechanism by which inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system decreases the diabetes risk remains unresolved and requires further study...

..The symptoms may all be explained by defective metabolism; however, metabolism at the tissue level has not been investigated...

..Dipeptidyl-peptidase-IV (DPP-4) inhibition increases endogenous GLP-1 activity, resulting in improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The metabolic response may be explained in part by extrapancreatic mechanisms...

..In animals, the endocannabinoid system is activated during hemodynamic insults and restrains blood pressure in part through sympathetic inhibition...

..In clonal animal cells, certain angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) activate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma). The aim of this work was to validate that observation in human cells and humans...

..In conclusion, combination treatment with aliskiren is a highly effective and well-tolerated therapeutic option for obese patients with hypertension who fail to achieve blood pressure control with first-line thiazide diuretic treatment...

..The role of the adipose-tissue renin-angiotensin system in the development of obesity-associated hypertension or metabolic disease clearly warrants further study...

..Increased formation of adipocytes would counteract the ectopic deposition of lipids in other tissues (muscle, liver, pancreas), thereby improving insulin sensitivity and preventing the development of type 2 diabetes...

..We conclude that in obese subjects the capacity to oxidize fat during exercise appears to be limited by skeletal muscle mass and oxidative capacity rather than the availability of visceral or intramyocellular fat...

..The aim of this study was to determine whether up-regulation of human adipose 11beta-HSD1 in obesity can also be found at the gene expression level...

..Increased eNOS and iNOS expression in adipocytes and local effects of insulin and Ang II may increase adipose tissue production of NO in obesity...

..Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression in adipose tissue is increased in obese subjects. The functional relevance is not known...

..These findings may be explained in part by monocyte/macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue, which appears to interfere with insulin responsiveness...

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..Circulating ESM-1 levels are reduced in the overweight and obese, consistent with the notion that ESM-1 may play some role in obesity-associated vascular disease...

..Our study suggests that studies involving twins could be more widely applied to elucidate pharmacogenetics...

..Resistin, therefore, has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance...

..Because AGT secretion and Ang II generation are characteristic features of adipogenesis, we postulate a paracrine negative-feedback loop that inhibits further recruitment of preadipocytes by maturing adipocytes...

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..In contrast, systemic atrial natriuretic peptide and adipose-tissue atrial natriuretic peptide respond similarly to changes in sodium intake...

..Given the close relationship between intrahepatic lipid content (IHL) and insulin sensitivity, we hypothesized that the direct relationship between fitness and insulin sensitivity may be explained by IHL...

..The fact that workload and, therefore, mechanic strain can be reduced in hypoxia could be particularly beneficial in obese patients with orthopedic comorbidities...

..Our findings point to profound differences between rodents and humans in the regulation of adipose or circulating RBP4 and challenge the notion that glucose uptake by adipocytes has a dominant role in the regulation of RBP4...

..As the mode of action is mostly unknown, we planned to study cellular effects of the particular drug used in Germany (Lipostabil(R))...

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..Randomized, controlled trials conducted specifically in patients with obesity and hypertension are needed to determine the optimal therapeutic approach for these patients...

..Thus, the endocannabinoid system may represent a primary target for the treatment of abdominal obesity and associated metabolic changes...

..We identified the GIPR gene in human subcutaneous and visceral fat tissues and tested the hypothesis that that the expression of this gene is influenced by central obesity and weight loss...

..In addition, we confirmed the presence of rs1049353. As these variants could not explain the initial TDT, we conclude that there is no evidence for an association of CNR1 alleles with obesity in our study groups...