M Heisenberg

..With regard to olfactory learning in flies, we argue that the notion of the olfactory memory trace being localized to the Kenyon cells of the mushroom bodies is a reasonable working hypothesis...

..The lines generated are now being used as target chromosomes in mutagenesis screens, and the characterization reported here will facilitate their use in screens of these lines for behavioral and other viable phenotypes...

..It is just a little piece of writing. It is meant to honor Obaid for his contributions to Drosophila neurogenetics in 40 years and to science in India. I hope he takes it instead of a bowl of flowers-adding to the praise...

..To take advantage of these patterns one needs to know their typical anatomy...

..The reconstruction, segmentation and registration are best approached from the 3D representation of the data set...

..We start with a brief summary of visual flight control at the torque meter...

..The 'graininess' of a functional model of the brain, therefore, is defined by the independent regulatory units of the genes rather than by the genes themselves...

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..This stimulating effect of crowding is not observed in any of the cAMP mutants, including rutabaga1...

..Our results suggest that in associative conditioning, different memories are formed of the same odor under different circumstances, and that they are linked to the respective motivational systems by their specific modulatory pathways...

..With respect to short-term memory the mushroom bodies of Drosophila are specially required for chemosensory learning tasks, but not for associative learning and memory in general...

..The results support the hypothesis that the central complex is involved in the control of flight behavior...

..How this finding relates to the well-documented role of the mushroom bodies in olfactory learning and memory remains to be understood...

..This demonstrates that synaptic plasticity in a small brain region can be sufficient for memory formation...

..Dark-rearing for 1 d or more at any stage during that period decreases its volume to the level of flies raised in constant darkness. A lamina that is once reduced in size seems not to recover...

..In visual learning in Drosophila, it appears that a facilitating effect of context cues for memory retrieval is the default state, whereas making recall context-independent requires additional processing...

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..We show that mutations in mbt primarily interfere with the generation or survival of the intrinsic cells (Kenyon cells) of the mushroom body, a paired neuropil structure in the adult brain involved in learning and memory...

..This deficit cannot be attributed to reductions in olfactory sensitivity, shock reactivity, or locomotor behavior. The results demonstrate that MBs mediate associative odor learning in flies...

..On this basis the 3'-regulatory region is divided into three domains each having specific effects on optic lobe development...

..This difference in the organization of memory traces is consistent with the internal representation of reward and punishment...

..Thus, unreinforced presentation of learned odorants antagonizes intracellularly the signaling cascade underlying memory formation...

..We propose that time-course, bout structure and fractal dimension of the temporal pattern of locomotor activity describe different aspects of the fly's central pattern generator for locomotion and its motivational control...

..In-situ hybridization and Northern blot analysis indicate a widespread function of this gene during embryogenesis and in the CNS...

..Thus, the functional defects observed in the nervous system of CLS patients and animal models with Rsk2 deficiency might be caused by dysregulated neurite growth rather than primary neurodegeneration...

..These experiments provided evidence that RSK mediates its negative effect on bouton formation at the Drosophila NMJ by inhibition of ERK signaling...

..Overexpression of S6KII in wild type has a dominant-negative effect on the operant task that is rescued by the null mutant, whereas in the pavlovian task overexpression may even enhance learning performance...

..These opposing behaviours depend on the relative timing of the shock and odour presentations during training, and indicate that a shock can act as either an aversive reinforcer or an appetitive one...

..It is now possible to investigate the behavioral and neuronal organization of appetitive visual learning in this simple and genetically easy-to-manipulate experimental system...

..This finding suggests that the bridge and some of its neural connections to the other neuropil regions of the central complex are required for the maintenance but not the initiation of walking...

..These results open the door to analyze how this dissociation is brought about on the cellular and molecular level; this should be facilitated by the cellular simplicity and genetic accessibility of the Drosophila larva...

..The behavioral defects support the notion that the protocerebral bridge is part of a higher center for the regulation of behavior...

..These findings illustrate that the processing of N-linked glycans plays a functional role in Drosophila development. There is, however, ample evidence for genetic and biochemical redundancy in the mannose-trimming steps of this pathway...

..Altogether, the efficiency of effector genes depends on properties of the targeted neurons. Thus, we conclude that the selection of the appropriate effector gene is critical for evaluating the function of neural circuits...

..Larval behavioural defects are described in a separate paper. We conclude that Drosophila synapsins play a significant role in nervous system function, which is subtle at the cellular level but manifests itself in complex behaviour...

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..We now provide a representative standard for the brain of D. melanogaster wild-type with means and variances for several aspects of its shape. Its application to volumetry, mutants, and gene expression patterns is demonstrated...

..This exposure effect reveals a dispositional change that facilitates operant learning during the reminder training. The various memory effects are independent of the mushroom bodies...

..These results need to be taken into account if TNT is used for neural circuit analysis...

..For males, additional neuropil was found only at the posterior margin of the lobula. This finding supports the notion of male-specific neural processing in the lobula as described for muscid and calliphorid flies...

..Octopamine, a closely related biogenic amine, has been proposed to have a similar function in arthropods. However, the effect of octopamine on aggressive behavior is little understood...

..To increase the utility of the GAL4 system for such purposes, we have designed an inducible system that allows us to circumvent lethality caused by TNT expression during early development...

..At low contrast, L1 and L2 depend upon each other for motion processing. Of the two minor pathways, amc/T1 specifically enhances the L1 pathway at intermediate contrast. L3 appears not to contribute to motion but to orientation behavior...

..We conclude that the color channel (R7/R8) does not contribute to motion detection as monitored by the optomotor response...

..These can be localized to two groups of neurons extending branches as parallel, horizontal strata in the fan-shaped body. The central location of this memory store is well suited to mediate translational invariance...

..The futsch(olk) mutants exhibit several characteristics of human neurodegenerative diseases, providing an opportunity to study the role of MAPs in progressive neurodegeneration within an experimentally accessible, in vivo model system...

..Immunohistochemical analysis shows that expression of the Mbm protein is not restricted to the mushroom bodies. BrdUrd labeling experiments indicate a function of Mbm in neuronal precursor cell proliferation...

..Here, we show that flies recognize patterns at retinal positions where the patterns had not been presented before...

..In addition, a further 37,000 deletions, selectable by molecular screening, may be generated. We are now using the collection to generate a second-generation deficiency kit that is precisely mapped to the genome sequence...