H Mehlhorn

..This test was needed to make sure that the products do reach the feet and belly of the animals in sufficient amounts, since this region is the predominant biting site of the Culicoides midges...

..canis cultured in vitro. While the developmental stages of the latter preserved their shape in culture, many of the initially small stages of the B. gibsoni strains grew considerably and often looked rather similar to B. canis...

..They can give rise to protracted diseases such as hepatitis B, cutaneous or intestinal disorders. The most effective preventive measure is exposure prophylaxis...

..In addition mosquitoes, biting flies and fleas are also repelled for about 6 h...

..obsoletus complex. Since they were captured still at the 21st of December close to cattle with clinical signs, it must be feared that BTV-8 is now established in Central Europe, where it had been absent until now...

..If ticks were mingled with treated hair, they tried to flee away and did not seek shelter inside the hair as the controls did in untreated hair...

..In both cases the product had been left for 20 min onto the hair before it was washed away just with normal tap water...

..Thus, this product offers a complete cure from head lice upon a single treatment, if the lice (motile stages, eggs) are fully covered for about 10 min...

..This fact conforms with other already published data and underlines our opinion that the recently redescribed N. caninum Dubey et al. 2002 is a synonym of the previously described H. heydorni (Tadros and Laarman 1976) Dubey 1977...

..Such a treatment may considerably reduce the risk of transmission of the agents of disease. However, in the case of the thick fleece of sheep, the insecticide must be poured directly into the skin to reach full activity...

..Infections with nematodes were successfully treated with a single application. Mite infestations in reptiles were eliminated using a treatment repeated on 3 consecutive days...

..In animals with an extremely thick epidermis (e.g. monitor lizards, leguans) the new product was applied under the armpits...

..Since the dogs distribute the flea eggs throughout the village, leading to a high incidence of tungiasis in humans, treatment of dogs probably also decreases the number of cases of tungiasis in the latter...

..Thus the faeces might be a source of further infections, e.g. for the flea larvae or the cat itself...

..It was found that the insecticide on hair from the legs--the predominant biting site of midges--had a significant killing effect on Culicoides for 3-4 weeks, even after a short-term contact...

..Effects of global warming-of course-will support persistence of such outbreaks of diseases due to offering of spreading of imported viruses, bacteria and/or parasites...

..In summary, these studies show that imidacloprid kills larval and adult flea stages rapidly via the same mode of action and thus prevents the development of flea populations in human or animal dwellings...

..2009; Bauer et al. 2009; Stephan et al. 2009; Clausen et al. 2009; Hörbrand and Geier 2009; Kiehl et al. 2009; Mehlhorn et al. 2009; Kiel et al. 2009; Vorsprach et al. 2009; Balczun et al. 2009...

..Parasitol Res, in press, 2010; Abdel-Ghaffar et al., Parasitol Res, in press, 2010; in this volume)...

..As conclusion, deltamethrin, besides its very good effects against biting insects, brings acaricidal as well as repellent effects against ticks, thus protecting the sheep and cattle from transmission of agents of diseases...

..Considering the places for overwintering, proposals were made when insecticidal products such as Butox pour-on should be used in order to obtain good rearing results...

..Furthermore, the food vacuoles appeared very large. However, both species clearly differed from the trophozoites of Histomonas meleagridis...

..This conclusion needs urgently special attention on other luring epidemics in the near future...

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..We hypothesise that these synergistic effects will also take place when dogs are treated either with Drontal Plus or Welpan in which lower dosages will be sufficient to destroy the worms...

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..Adult and larval fleas exposed to filter papers impregnated with the blood of treated dogs survived longer than 7 days, as did the untreated controls. All three drugs apparently acted on nerves and muscles and thus stopped motility...

..The observed speed of kill and the deleting effects were so quick that the midges very probably would not bite before their death...

..4. The compound initiates an ultimately lethal destruction of the ganglia, nerve chords and related muscle fibers, as can be seen in electron micrographs...

..Other groups have been observed for further 8 h periods up to 56 hours and then studied in the same way...

....

..The numbers are FN 263292 until FN 263323...

..This time FeLV was not detected in the fleas, or in the feces or blood samples. Results show that cat fleas are potential vectors for FeLV RNA in vitro and probably also in vivo...

..It is concluded that the synergistic action of pyrantel and febantel on the functions of different organs of the parasites (muscle, nerve, inertine etc.) seen in the rodent model - also holds for the gut dwelling nematodes of the dog...

..felis isolates and determine that some of the genetic variation coincided with minor differences in response to the control agent imidacloprid. However, overall findings do not support the existence of subspecies of C. felis...

..It turned out that this rather short contact was sufficient to kill the Culicoides specimens in minutes and the other insects in a few hours even if the plates had been impregnated 9 weeks before...

..2008) represent a significant cluster among the published data of other Histomonas meleagridis isolates and thus the formation of cysts might be a common feature that would open further possibilities of transmission...

..Such stages might be involved in transmission from one host to another and probably have been missed before in microscopical examinations of infected poultry...

..Differences in time taken for the midges to die were also seen between those exposed to treated cattle hair and those exposed to treated sheep hair...

..These findings give strong hints that B. besnoiti has a cycle between rodents and a predator and that cattle and other are only accidental hosts...

..Flubendazole also stopped the formation of gametes. Summarising, even low concentrations of flubendazole (0.1 micro g/ml) led to significant and irreversible damage in all worms studied...

..e. the occurrence of true relapses. In P. ovale infection, hypnozoites have never been demonstrated by biological experiments, and the few reports published on relapses have conflicting results...

..meleagridis...

..However, it also became clear that C. obsoletus and C. pulicaris are Europe-wide occurring species and that several other clearly described separate species are probably only races...

..However, some target species are less sensible (beetles, Triatoma stages, fly maggots), while the specimens of the other species cited above were successfully killed even at low concentrations of the extract...

..The repeat units with lengths from 10 to 99 bp are arranged in pure tandem or interspersed. The repetitive elements observed in the ITS1 of various flea species may serve as a valuable tool for phylogeographic studies...

..The initial damage occurred within the apicoplast and the tubular mitochondrion in all cases,thus destroying two of the most important cell organelles...

..heydorni (Tadros and Laarman 1976) Dubey 1977] and is almost identical with respect to molecular biological features with the NC-1 strain of N. caninum...

..The first includes as a strain H. hammondi and the latter N. caninum. In any case there is absolutely no reason (with respect to general Zoological nomenclature) to create new genera!..

..Direct contact with the neem product, however, seemed to be of great impact. Chicken mites turned dark brown or even black after being treated with the neem product. SEM analysis showed damages along the body surface of the mites...

..Three other field trials proved that MiteStop is highly active against the red poultry mite. The most efficient dilution is 1:33 with tap water and spraying two or three times at intervals of 7 days...

..Both, however, should be able to survive situations outside of a body and thus might be transmitted from feces to another animal...

..perstans microfilariae. The absence of Wolbachia in both filarial species therefore discourages the use of antibiotics as an adjunct or alternative approach to current treatment concepts for both loiasis and mansonelliasis perstans...

..Hammondia heydorni) must be pretreated with cortisone in order to show disease symptoms. This indicates the status of an opportunistic agent of disease. Toltrazuril was an effective curative agent...

..Therefore, in T. muris, the first larval stage is the infectious stage, which was proven by means of re-infections of mice 16, 18 or 20 weeks after incubation of the eggs...

..Among them, a series of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains (EAEC, EPEC, ETEC) was identified. This is the first study to clearly demonstrate the potential of these flies as vectors for the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms...

..This communication reports a rapid cleanup procedure for human stool samples, which enables reliable identification of DNA by polymerase chain reaction from few eggs of opisthorchiid flukes in fecal samples...

..In particular, it underlines the importance to include animals in control operation aiming at the reduction of disease occurrence in the human population...

..The preponderance of the Th1 immune response was indicated by a significantly increased TNF-alpha/IL-4 ratio in patients with tungiasis, as compared with the control groups...

..The degree of acute morbidity is directly related to the number of embedded sand fleas. When transmission is interrupted, the chronic morbidity reflects the infestation rates individuals have experienced in the past...

..The clinical pathology is closely related to the parasite burden of an individual and the clustering of embedded fleas at certain predilection sites...

..Collections of field flea isolates will continue in an attempt to detect and document any change in the susceptibility of field flea populations to imidacloprid...

..like oocysts collected from fox faeces. These results suggest that the red fox is either an inappropriate final host for N. caninum or not at all a final host for this parasite...

..It allows a more precise diagnosis, enables the assessment of chemotherapeutic approaches and helps to evaluate control measures at the community level...

..The lethal concentration 50 values of these oils ranged between 1 and 101.3 ppm against A. aegypti, between 9.7 and 101.4 ppm for A. stephensi and between 1 and 50.2 ppm for C. quinquefasciatus...

..Thus, the mode of storage is absolutely important for the larvicidal effects. The fresh preparations were always the best...

..This effect needs, however, a peculiar formulation to fix them on the human skin...

..stephensi, it became not clear which organ is responsible for perception of repellents...

..8%) documented. The study shows that tungiasis is a highly prevalent ectoparasitosis in this deprived community with a peculiar distribution of prevalence and parasite burden...

..The treatment of lesions with silicone oil abrogated the natural disease course and changed the pattern of cytokine secretion. We conclude that the Wistar rat is an appropriate model to study immune responses in tungiasis...