Marina A Freudenberg

..Finally, the effects of pre-existing hypersensitivity on the course and outcome of a super-infection with Salmonella typhimurium or Listeria monocytogenes are summarized...

..Gram-negative bacteria induced cytokines primarily via TLR4; the contribution of TLR2 was only minor. Neither TLR4 nor, surprisingly, TLR2 was required in the MyD88-dependent response to Staphylococcus aureus...

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..These results show how the response to the same microbial ligand using the same receptor can be regulated in different cell types of the innate immune system...

..Thus, under microbial pressure, different T-cell types, independent of their antigen specificity, exert NK-cell-like functions, which contribute decisively to the activation of the innate immune system...

..The hypersensitivity to components of the microbial flora and invading pathogens may in part explain the toxic side effects of adenoviral gene therapy and contribute to the pathogenesis of adenoviral disease...

..In macrophages, investigation of the LPS-induced cytokine (IL-6) response revealed a linear relationship between the response and the logarithm of TLR4-MD-2 levels...

..Taken together, our results point to cDC rather than MPhi as the major producers of the IL-12 family members during in vitro infection with SE. The mechanisms of recognition of SE, however, appear to be the same for cDC and MPhi...

..Our study has revealed that increased TLR4 signaling alone without exogenous insult can break immunological tolerance. It provides a strong experimental evidence for TLR4 dysregulation as an etiology of lupus-like renal disease...

..This pathway participates in the induction of IFN-gamma by Gram-negative bacteria and is therefore expected to play a role whenever IFN-alpha or IFN-beta and IL-18 are produced concomitantly during bacterial, viral, or other infections...

..In this context, the cytokine mRNA up-regulation by whole Salmonella Enteritidis is mediated chiefly by TLR4, but depends on additional pattern recognition receptors other than TLR2 expressed by macrophages...

..A similar P. acnes priming of mice had a protective, but no deleterious effect on a subsequent L. monocytogenes infection. This effect was IFN-gamma dependent but independent of LBP...

..The IFN-alpha/beta-dependent pathway is expected to play a role whenever IFN-alpha or IFN-beta, and IL-18 are produced concomitantly during infection...

..In contrast, co-engagement of TLR4 and BCR by antigen-coupled LPS synergistically enhances activation of B cells, pointing out attractive targets for signalling crosstalk in B lymphocytes...

..Finally, CHS was inducible in germ-free wild-type and IL-12Rbeta2-deficient mice, but not in germ-free TLR4/IL-12Rbeta2 double deficient mice, suggesting that the necessary TLR activation may proceed via endogenous ligands...

..In conclusion, our work demonstrates that addition of INF-gamma to clinical-grade cytokine cocktails readily matures MoDCs and enhances their T(H)1 polarisation efficiently under serum-free conditions...

..These results demonstrate that impaired TNF production capacity can account for some aspects of immunoparalysis, however, diagnostic parameters are required for a safe TNF substitution therapy...

..This is the first study showing that TLR4 contributes to the effective control of Leishmania infection in vivo...

..Different patterns of expression were detected depending on the time postinfection, but there was little variation in the expression of these four chemokines in the presence or absence of TLR4...

..Because IFN-gamma is a key mediator of these effects, and enhanced IFN-gamma mRNA expression was absent in spleen and liver of P. acnes-primed TLR9(-/-) mice, we conclude that TLR9 is required for the induction of IFN-gamma by P. acnes...

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