U Ernemann

Summary

Country: Germany

Publications

  1. ncbi [Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in the area of the head and neck]
    U Ernemann
    Abteilung fur Neuroradiologie, Radiologische Universitätsklinik Tübingen
    Radiologe 43:958-66. 2003
  2. ncbi Current concepts of the interventional treatment of proximal supraaortic vessel stenosis
    Ulrike Ernemann
    Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University Hospital Tubingen, Germany
    Vasa 41:313-8. 2012
  3. ncbi Vertebral artery dissection presenting with ispilateral acute C5 and C6 sensorimotor radiculopathy: A case report
    Ghazaleh Tabatabai
    Center of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Germany
    Cases J 1:139. 2008
  4. ncbi Primary cerebral non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis: MRI and differential diagnosis
    U Ernemann
    Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Tubingen, Hoppe Seyler Strasse 3, 72076 Tubingen, German
    Neuroradiology 44:759-63. 2002
  5. ncbi [Interdisciplinary concept for classification and treatment of vascular anomalies in the head and neck]
    U Ernemann
    Abteilung fur Neuroradiologie, Universitatsklinikum Tubingen, Hoppe Seyler Strasse 3, 72076 Tubingen, Germany
    Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir 6:402-9. 2002
  6. ncbi Current concepts in the classification, diagnosis and treatment of vascular anomalies
    Ulrike Ernemann
    Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Radiological Clinic, University Hospital Tubingen, Hoppe Seyler Strasse 3, 72076 Tubingen, Germany
    Eur J Radiol 75:2-11. 2010
  7. ncbi Intraorbital aneurysm of the ophthalmic artery: a rare cause of apex orbitae compression syndrome
    Ulrike Ernemann
    Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Tubingen, Hoppe Seyler Strasse 3, Germany
    Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 240:575-7. 2002
  8. ncbi An MRI view of a ruptured dermoid cyst
    Ulrike Ernemann
    Department of Neuroradiology, , Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, , Germany
    Neurology 66:270. 2006
  9. ncbi High-pitch dual-source CT angiography of supra-aortic arteries: assessment of image quality and radiation dose
    A Korn
    Department of Diagnostic und Interventional Neuroradiology, Hoppe Seyler Strasse 3, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
    Neuroradiology 55:423-30. 2013
  10. ncbi Rosai-Dorfman disease involving the cranial base, paranasal sinuses and spinal cord
    J Kaminsky
    Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Tubingen, Germany
    Clin Neuropathol 24:194-200. 2005

Detail Information

Publications56

  1. ncbi [Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in the area of the head and neck]
    U Ernemann
    Abteilung fur Neuroradiologie, Radiologische Universitätsklinik Tübingen
    Radiologe 43:958-66. 2003
    ..In this review we present guidelines for the diagnostic assessment of paediatric patients with vascular anomalies in the head and neck region. The indications for treatment are discussed and therapeutic options are outlined...
  2. ncbi Current concepts of the interventional treatment of proximal supraaortic vessel stenosis
    Ulrike Ernemann
    Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University Hospital Tubingen, Germany
    Vasa 41:313-8. 2012
    ..A systematic review of data for angioplasty and stenting of symptomatic extracranial vertebral artery stenosis is discussed with a special focus on restenosis rate...
  3. ncbi Vertebral artery dissection presenting with ispilateral acute C5 and C6 sensorimotor radiculopathy: A case report
    Ghazaleh Tabatabai
    Center of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Germany
    Cases J 1:139. 2008
    ..These symptoms completely resolved after anticoagulation and physical therapy...
  4. ncbi Primary cerebral non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis: MRI and differential diagnosis
    U Ernemann
    Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Tubingen, Hoppe Seyler Strasse 3, 72076 Tubingen, German
    Neuroradiology 44:759-63. 2002
    ..Whereas the cutaneous form of juvenile xanthogranuloma is usually benign and self-limited, central nervous system involvement is associated with high morbidity and mortality and might therefore be considered a separate clinical entity...
  5. ncbi [Interdisciplinary concept for classification and treatment of vascular anomalies in the head and neck]
    U Ernemann
    Abteilung fur Neuroradiologie, Universitatsklinikum Tubingen, Hoppe Seyler Strasse 3, 72076 Tubingen, Germany
    Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir 6:402-9. 2002
    ..We analyzed the value of an interdisciplinary classification and treatment concept...
  6. ncbi Current concepts in the classification, diagnosis and treatment of vascular anomalies
    Ulrike Ernemann
    Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Radiological Clinic, University Hospital Tubingen, Hoppe Seyler Strasse 3, 72076 Tubingen, Germany
    Eur J Radiol 75:2-11. 2010
    ....
  7. ncbi Intraorbital aneurysm of the ophthalmic artery: a rare cause of apex orbitae compression syndrome
    Ulrike Ernemann
    Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Tubingen, Hoppe Seyler Strasse 3, Germany
    Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 240:575-7. 2002
    ..The purpose of this study was to report the case of a patient with a saccular, intraorbital aneurysm of the ophthalmic artery and to analyze the correlation between clinical symptoms and aneurysm localization with regard to the literature...
  8. ncbi An MRI view of a ruptured dermoid cyst
    Ulrike Ernemann
    Department of Neuroradiology, , Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, , Germany
    Neurology 66:270. 2006
  9. ncbi High-pitch dual-source CT angiography of supra-aortic arteries: assessment of image quality and radiation dose
    A Korn
    Department of Diagnostic und Interventional Neuroradiology, Hoppe Seyler Strasse 3, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
    Neuroradiology 55:423-30. 2013
    ..High-pitch CT angiography (CTA) is a recent innovation that allows significant shortening of scan time with volume coverage of 43 mm per second. The aim of our study was to assess this technique in CTA of the head and neck...
  10. ncbi Rosai-Dorfman disease involving the cranial base, paranasal sinuses and spinal cord
    J Kaminsky
    Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Tubingen, Germany
    Clin Neuropathol 24:194-200. 2005
    ..The individual management of Rosai-Dorfman disease may be challenging due to diffuse involvement of neurovascular structures at the skull base...
  11. ncbi Automatic bone and plaque removal using dual energy CT for head and neck angiography: feasibility and initial performance evaluation
    C Thomas
    Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
    Eur J Radiol 76:61-7. 2010
    ..We sought to evaluate the feasibility and efficiency of dual energy (DE) bone and plaque removal in head and neck CT angiography...
  12. ncbi [Polytopic manifestations of paragangliomas. Diagnosis, differential diagnosis and indications for therapy]
    J Hoffmann
    Klinik und Poliklinik fur Mund, Kiefer und Gesichtschirurgie Tübingen, Deutschland
    Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir 4:53-6. 2000
    ..The extent of this tumors is clearly illustrated by use of an angiography. Because of the familial predisposition, clinical and radiological examinations of relatives are mandatory...
  13. ncbi Atypical teratoid-rhabdoid tumor spreading along the trigeminal nerve
    R Beschorner
    Institute of Brain Research, Tubingen, Germany
    Pediatr Neurosurg 42:258-63. 2006
    ..The origin of the trigeminal tumor as a late metastasis of the former ATRT or as a less likely irradiation-induced secondary ATRT and the operative approach are discussed...
  14. ncbi Drug coated stents for carotid intervention
    G Tepe
    Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
    J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 46:249-59. 2005
    ..Currently, no clinical data on drug eluting stents in carotid arteries are available. This article discusses the current literature on carotid artery stenting and the potential role of drug eluting stents in this field...
  15. ncbi Objective criteria for successful transsphenoidal removal of suprasellar nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. A prospective study
    J Honegger
    Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
    Acta Neurochir (Wien) 149:21-9; discussion 29. 2007
    ....
  16. ncbi Spinal pilocytic astrocytoma: MR imaging findings at first presentation and following surgery
    M Horger
    Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard Karls University, Tubingen, Germany
    Eur J Radiol 79:389-99. 2011
    ....
  17. ncbi [Temporary, undefined, unilateral eyeball movement disorder]
    P S Mauz

    HNO 52:1006-8. 2004
  18. ncbi [Image-guided navigation for the control interstitial laser therapy of vascular malformations in the head and neck region]
    J Hoffmann
    Klinik und Poliklinik fur Mund, Kiefer und Gesichtschirurgie, Universitatsklinikum Tubingen
    Biomed Tech (Berl) 49:199-201. 2004
    ..The results suggest that navigation-guided LITT can be performed safely, preserving vital structures from collateral thermal damage...
  19. ncbi Primary melanocytic lesions of the CNS: report of five cases
    D Freudenstein
    Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tubingen, Germany
    Zentralbl Neurochir 65:146-53. 2004
    ..Adjuvant radiation seems to be of additional therapeutic benefit. Except for meningeosis melanomatosa chemotherapy must be regarded as experimental. Unfortunately, a standardised therapy concept is still lacking...
  20. ncbi Diffusion tensor imaging in a human PET/MR hybrid system
    Andreas Boss
    Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
    Invest Radiol 45:270-4. 2010
    ....
  21. ncbi Extradural ependymal tumor with myxopapillary and ependymoblastic differentiation in a case of Schinzel-Giedion syndrome
    Rudi Beschorner
    Institute of Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University, Medical School, Tuebingen, Germany
    Acta Neuropathol 113:339-46. 2007
    ..The present case is the first report on an ependymal tumor with a mixture of myxopapillary, anaplastic and ependymoblastic features and the first report on an ependymal tumor arising on the genetic background of SGS...
  22. ncbi Water diffusivity: comparison of primary CNS lymphoma and astrocytic tumor infiltrating the corpus callosum
    Marius Horger
    Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tubingen, Germany
    AJR Am J Roentgenol 193:1384-7. 2009
    ..The purpose of this study was to determine whether lymphoma and astrocytic tumor infiltrating the corpus callosum can be reliably differentiated with measurement of water diffusivity...
  23. ncbi Image-guided sphenoid wing meningioma resection and simultaneous computer-assisted cranio-orbital reconstruction: technical case report
    Carsten Westendorff
    Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tubingen University Hospital, Tubingen, Germany
    Neurosurgery 60:ONSE173-4; discussion ONSE174. 2007
    ..Rapid prototyping techniques have become widely used for treatment planning. Yet, the transfer of a treatment plan into the intraoperative situs strongly depends on the experience of the individual surgeon...
  24. ncbi Tracer kinetics analysis of dynamic contrast-enhanced CT and MR data in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: comparison of the results
    Sotirios Bisdas
    Department of Neuroradiology, Eberhard Karls University, Hoppe Seyler Str, Tübingen 3 D 72076, Germany
    Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 29:339-46. 2009
    ..ii) To compare functional parameters derived by both modalities and examine the interchangeability of them as well as the intra- and inter-rater agreement...
  25. ncbi Hybrid PET/MRI of intracranial masses: initial experiences and comparison to PET/CT
    Andreas Boss
    Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard Karls University Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
    J Nucl Med 51:1198-205. 2010
    ....
  26. ncbi Automatic lumen segmentation in calcified plaques: dual-energy CT versus standard reconstructions in comparison with digital subtraction angiography
    Christoph Thomas
    Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen 72076, Germany
    AJR Am J Roentgenol 194:1590-5. 2010
    ..The objective of this study is to compare the accuracy of visual grading of stenoses after plaque removal with visual grading in standard reconstructions. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was used as a reference standard...
  27. ncbi The regional distribution of T2-relaxation times in MR images of the substantia nigra and crus cerebri
    Constantin Mänz
    Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University of Tubingen, Hope Seyler Str 3, 72076, Tubingen, Germany
    Neuroradiology 52:745-50. 2010
    ..The purpose of our study was to evaluate the depiction of the SN and the CC on calculated R2 maps by analyzing the regional distribution of T2 values in both regions...
  28. ncbi Imaging of primary and secondary inflammatory diseases involving large and medium-sized vessels and their potential mimics: a multitechnique approach
    Daniel Spira
    Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Eberhard Karls University, Hoppe Seyler Str 3, 72076 Tubingen, Germany
    AJR Am J Roentgenol 194:848-56. 2010
    ..Knowledge of distinctive imaging features such as location, length, and degree of vessel wall enhancement as well as the particular clinical settings will help the clinician in appropriately narrowing down the differential diagnosis...
  29. ncbi An exploratory pilot study into the association between microcirculatory parameters derived by MRI-based pharmacokinetic analysis and glucose utilization estimated by PET-CT imaging in head and neck cancer
    Sotirios Bisdas
    Department of Neuroradiology, Eberhard Karls University Hospital, Hoppe Seyler Str 3, 72076, Tubingen, Germany
    Eur Radiol 20:2358-66. 2010
    ....
  30. ncbi Management and outcome after internal carotid artery laceration during surgery of the paranasal sinuses
    Assen Koitschev
    Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tuebingen, Germany
    Acta Otolaryngol 126:730-8. 2006
    ..Immediate management is critical and requires interdisciplinary cooperation between the otolaryngologist and interventional neuroradiologist...
  31. ncbi Subdural hygroma as a complication of endoscopic neurosurgery--two case reports
    Dirk Freudenstein
    Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
    Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 42:554-9. 2002
    ..The possible etiologies and clinical consequences of this rare complication have to be considered before selecting neuroendoscopy treatment...
  32. ncbi Growth modelling of non-functioning pituitary adenomas in patients referred for surgery
    Juergen Honegger
    Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe Seyler Strasse 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
    Eur J Endocrinol 158:287-94. 2008
    ..However, it is still unknown how individual pituitary adenomas grow over years and whether growth kinetics follow a distinct growth model. The objective of this study was to define a growth model for non-functioning pituitary adenomas...
  33. ncbi Central retinal artery occlusion secondary to spontaneous internal carotid artery dissection
    Ulrike Schneider
    , Department I, Radiological Clinic, , , Germany
    Retina 24:979-81. 2004
  34. ncbi Aortic dissection mimicking subarachnoidal hemorrhage
    Boris Nohé
    Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tubingen, Germany
    Anesth Analg 101:233-4, table of contents. 2005
    ....
  35. ncbi Fludarabine may induce durable remission in patients with leptomeningeal involvement of chronic lymphocytic leukemia
    Stefan Knop
    Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tubingen University Hospital, Tubingen, Germany
    Leuk Lymphoma 46:1593-8. 2005
    ..We conclude that fludarabine may be useful in meningeal involvement of CLL with impact on systemic disease...
  36. ncbi Delayed otogenic hydrocephalus after acute otitis media in pediatric patients: the changing presentation of a serious otologic complication
    Assen Koitschev
    Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
    Acta Otolaryngol 125:1230-5. 2005
    ..We therefore advocate that the MRI scans of patients with similar symptoms should be carefully studied to facilitate the early diagnosis of a potentially life-threatening complication...
  37. ncbi Switching on the lights for real-time multimodality tumor neuroimaging: The integrated positron-emission tomography/MR imaging system
    S Bisdas
    Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Eberhard Karls University, Tubingen, Germany
    AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 31:610-4. 2010
    ..The aim of this communication is to discuss the benefits and current drawbacks of the hybrid imaging system and to highlight some perspectives of the new technique for brain neoplasms...
  38. ncbi Navigation-assisted sclerotherapy of orbital venolymphatic malformation: a new guidance technique for percutaneous treatment of low-flow vascular malformations
    Ulrike Ernemann
    Department of Neuroradiology, , Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, , Germany
    AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25:1792-5. 2004
    ..By using a surgical navigation system (Vector Vision, BrainLAB, Munich, Germany), multiplanar target lesion visualization was performed after fusion of CT and MR imaging data, which allowed precise puncture planning...
  39. ncbi Dual energy CTA of the carotid bifurcation: advantage of plaque subtraction for assessment of grade of the stenosis and morphology
    A Korn
    Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University of Tubingen, Hoppe Seyler Str 3, 72076 Tubingen, Germany
    Eur J Radiol 80:e120-5. 2011
    ..Aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of 3D-MIP images after subtraction of bone and calcified plaques (PBS) using dual energy CT for the assessment of carotid bifurcation stenoses...
  40. ncbi Pseudoaneurysm of the superior thyroid artery following radiotherapy for hypopharyngeal cancer
    Ulrike Ernemann
    Department of Neuroradiology, , , Germany
    Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 112:188-90. 2003
    ..We present a case of a ruptured pseudoaneurysm of the superior thyroid artery that was probably induced by radiation vasculopathy and was successfully treated by embolization therapy...
  41. ncbi Preoperative embolization of cervical spine osteoblastomas: report of three cases
    J Trübenbach
    Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital, Tubingen, Germany
    AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27:1910-2. 2006
    ..The postoperative course was uneventful in all patients. Preoperative embolization is a valuable adjunct to the surgical treatment of osteoblastomas of the cervical spine...
  42. ncbi Treatment of venous malformations--comparison to lymphatic malformations
    M Schumacher
    Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany
    Lymphology 41:139-46. 2008
    ..A promising substance for treatment of venous malformations is an Ethanol mixture with Ethylcellulose at a higher viscosity, which is under evaluation in a multicenter-study...
  43. ncbi Common and uncommon imaging findings in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) with differential diagnostic considerations
    M Horger
    Department of Radiology, Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard Karls University, Hoppe Seyler Str 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
    Clin Neurol Neurosurg 114:1123-30. 2012
    ....
  44. ncbi Hemodynamic evaluation during balloon test occlusion of the sigmoid sinus: clinical and technical considerations
    Ulrike Ernemann
    Department of Neuroradiology, , Germany
    AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26:179-82. 2005
    ..On the basis of the hemodynamic findings, permanent balloon occlusion was carried out without complications...
  45. ncbi Is there a role for benzodiazepines in the management of lumbar disc prolapse with acute sciatica?
    Doris Brötz
    Department of General Neurology, University of Tubingen Medical School, Tubingen, Germany
    Pain 149:470-5. 2010
    ..0015). Benzodiazepines should not be used routinely in patients treated with mechanical physiotherapy for lumbar disc prolapse...
  46. ncbi [Arteriovenous malformation of the mandible: life-threatening manifestation during tooth extraction]
    Susanne Kluba
    Universitatsklinikum Tubingen, Klinik und Poliklinik fur Mund, Kiefer und Gesichtschirurgie, Osianderstr 2 8, 72076 Tubingen, Germany
    Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir 11:107-13. 2007
    ..The treatment of choice is superselective embolisation followed by surgical resection of the vascular nidus, which should be performed by under an interdisciplinary approach...
  47. ncbi Systematic review of early recurrent stenosis after carotid angioplasty and stenting
    Klaus Gröschel
    Department of General Neurology, University of Tubingen, Germany
    Stroke 36:367-73. 2005
    ..Aside from the periprocedural complication rates, the benefits of CAS will be affected by the incidence of recurrent carotid stenosis...
  48. ncbi Differentiating imaging findings in primary and secondary tumors of the jugular foramen
    Hubert Löwenheim
    Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
    Neurosurg Rev 29:1-11; discussion 12-13. 2006
    ..The present study describes and discusses the main differentiating imaging features of lesions involving the jugular foramen, whose accurate preoperative radiological evaluation is essential for proper surgical planning...
  49. ncbi Clinical predictors of transient ischemic attack, stroke, or death within 30 days of carotid angioplasty and stenting
    Andreas Kastrup
    Department of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Germany
    Stroke 36:787-91. 2005
    ..However, little data are available concerning patient-related factors affecting the risk of CAS. The purpose of this study was to identify potential clinical risk factors for the development of postprocedural deficits after CAS...
  50. ncbi Stenting of vertebrobasilar arteries in symptomatic atherosclerotic disease and acute occlusion: case series and review of the literature
    Olaf Eberhardt
    Department of General Neurology, Neurological Clinic, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
    J Vasc Surg 43:1145-54. 2006
    ..In patients with high-grade stenoses, and especially those refractory to medication, stenting offers the chance to restore normal flow and prevent major strokes...
  51. ncbi Recurrent spinal fistula as result of a rare combination of a perimedullary and peridural spinal fistula: case report
    Matthias Hubert Morgalla
    Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
    Surg Neurol 61:347-52. 2004
    ..The possibility of a second fistula should be considered in the presence of persistent edema of the cord on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and subsequent clinical deterioration...
  52. ncbi Comparison of angioplasty and stenting with cerebral protection versus endarterectomy for treatment of internal carotid artery stenosis in elderly patients
    Andreas Kastrup
    Department of Neurology, University of Tubingen
    J Vasc Surg 40:945-51. 2004
    ..Because CAS does not require general anesthesia and is less traumatic, it might be especially advantageous in older patients, but data comparing these 2 treatment methods in older patients are scarce...
  53. ncbi Moving along with Ross syndrome--a patient with a 50 years history
    Christoph Beier
    J Neurol 251:1402-3. 2004
  54. ncbi Statin therapy at carotid angioplasty and stent placement: effect on procedure-related stroke, myocardial infarction, and death
    Klaus Gröschel
    Department of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
    Radiology 240:145-51. 2006
    ..To retrospectively determine if preprocedural statin treatment is associated with a reduction of cardiovascular events after carotid angioplasty and stent placement (CAS) in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis...
  55. ncbi Incidence and risk factors for medical complications after carotid artery stenting
    Klaus Gröschel
    Department of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
    J Vasc Surg 42:1101-6; discussion 1106-7. 2005
    ..The goal of this study was to determine the frequency of, and to identify potential clinical risk factors for, the development of medical complications after CAS...
  56. ncbi Size matters! Stent-length is associated with thrombembolic complications after carotid artery stenting
    Klaus Gröschel
    Stroke 39:e131-2; author reply e133. 2008