F A Henn

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..Further studies will be needed to corroborate a possible favorable effect of atypical antipsychotics on the NAA signal...

..There is, however, strong evidence that neuroleptics themselves influence fMRI activation patterns and that there are major differences between typical neuroleptics and atypical antipsychotics...

..Therefore, gene expression of glutamate transporters that strictly control synaptic glutamate concentrations have to be assessed in animal models of stress and depression...

..Whether this effect is due to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia or to antipsychotic treatment has not been investigated. We therefore established an animal trial of long-term antipsychotic treatment to address this question...

..Using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging, the authors measured thalamic N-acetylaspartate (NAA) concentrations in patients with schizophrenia...

..Compensatory upregulation of NR1 expression may occur due to NMDA receptor hypofunction. We discuss this animal model to further analyze effects of hypoxia as a factor of obstetric complications in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia...

..In contrast, chronic haloperidol treatment did increase total hippocampal volume suggesting that haloperidol alters neuroplastic processes or glial morphology rather than cell proliferation...

..These results suggest a favorable effect on neuronal viability in the anterior cingulate gyrus due to long-term treatment with atypical antipsychotics...

..In an exploratory study we compared the hippocampal 1H-MRSI (magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging) spectra of five MDMA users with those of controls with no history of substance abuse. Although 1H..

..Our data confirm the previously reported in-vitro-regulation of EAAT1 in the adult nervous system in vivo. EAAT2 expression, however, is unchanged in PAC1 knockout mice, most likely due to counterbalancing factors...

..Bull. 21 (1985) 443; Neurosci. Res. 38 (200) 193]. This allows us to use animals which are not helpless after inescapable shock as a stressed control, but sensitivity, specificity and variability of test results have to be reassessed...

..These changes may be relevant to such clinical disorders as psychoses, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder that are sensitive to stress and involve changes in neural and synaptic plasticity...

..With optimised echo times, in-vivo (31)P signal enhancement of the same order was obtained in studies of the human brain...

..This may explain the lack of adaptive responses in this strain...

..In contrast to data previously reported for chronic disorganized medicated patients, these results suggest that motor dysfunction is not part of the phenomenology of acute paranoid first episode patients...

..Reduced GABA transporter expression is well in concert with the behavioural phenotypes of knockout animals and strengthens the hypothesis of impaired glial functions in depression...

..However, further research is required before these developments will considerably change today's clinical handling of alcoholism...

..As most patients had been treated with antipsychotics, medication effects cannot be excluded as a possible explanation for these results...

..These results are in good agreement with neuropathological and previous MR spectroscopy studies of the hippocampus in schizophrenic patients...

..Additionally, synapsin I-mRNA levels in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex are significantly reduced in tranylcypromine-treated animals. This identifies SVP genes as target genes of antidepressant treatment...

..The present study investigated the effects of weak chronic neonatal hypoxia in rats on different behavioural animal models of schizophrenia...

..The results suggest that post-mortem findings in patients with schizophrenia may at least partially be explained by drug effects and plasticity changes induced by long-term medication with antipsychotics...

..However, given the reported negative findings, we are presently trying to identify diagnostic subgroups for which the 5-HTT promoter polymorphism represents a susceptibility locus...

..Special emphasis is given to new methodological approaches, such as the visualisation of medication effects and the functional characterisation of risk genes...

..These polymorphisms probably do not represent major genetic risk factors of AD. However, further studies including other genetic variants of the serotonergic neurotransmitter system are needed in order to elucidate their role in AD...

..Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a most effective treatment for patients with major affective disorders. The influence of anesthetic drugs on seizure "adequacy" or on treatment success has not been systematically investigated...

..Today, cECT is underindicated as a result of assumed problems, fears, and stigmas. We would therefore recommend broader use of this proven treatment tool for keeping major depression in remission...

..Moreover, our data are in agreement with the proposed relationship between helplessness and sucrose preference, and support the usefulness of the cLH and cNLH rats as a model of depression...

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..Based on these findings future longitudinal studies should examine to what extent such a progressive decrease in volume might be influenced by treatment with modern antipsychotics...

..The results suggest that schizophrenics may have a brain dysfunction which limits their capacity to produce a focal metabolic response to stimulation in several functionally distinct brain regions...