Research Topics
Genomes and GenesSpecies | Martin BruneSummaryCountry: Germany Publications
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Publications
Linking social cognition with social interaction: Non-verbal expressivity, social competence and "mentalising" in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disordersMartin Brune
Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
Behav Brain Funct 5:6. 2009..abstract:..
Neuroanatomical correlates of suicide in psychosis: the possible role of von Economo neuronsMartin Brune
Research Department of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Psychiatric Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Bochum, Bochum, Germany
PLoS ONE 6:e20936. 2011..VEN density in the ACC seems to be increased in suicide victims with psychosis. This finding may support the assumption that VEN have a special role in emotion processing and self-evaluation, including negative self-appraisal...
Evolutionary medicine - the quest for a better understanding of health, disease and preventionMartin Brune
Division of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Psychiatric Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Alexandrinenstrasse 1, Bochum, D 44791, Germany
BMC Med 11:116. 2013....
Empathy moderates the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on costly punishmentMartin Brune
Research Department of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Psychiatric Preventive Medicine, Landschaftsverband Westfalen Lippe University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
PLoS ONE 7:e44747. 2012....
Mental state attribution in schizophrenia: what distinguishes patients with "poor" from patients with "fair" mentalising skills?M Brune
Research Department of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Psychiatric Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Preventive Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
Eur Psychiatry 27:358-64. 2012..No studies have analysed cognitive or behavioural differences between patients with - to some extent - preserved mental state attribution skills and those with poor mentalising abilities...
Does the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) polymorphism (rs2254298) confer 'vulnerability' for psychopathology or 'differential susceptibility'? Insights from evolutionMartin Brune
Research Department of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Psychiatric Preventive Medicine, University of Bochum, LWL University Hospital, Bochum, Germany
BMC Med 10:38. 2012..Seeing genetic variation at the core of developmental plasticity can explain, in contrast to the diathesis-stress perspective, why evolution by natural selection has maintained such 'risk' alleles in the gene pool of a population...
Hypnotic ingroup-outgroup suggestion influences economic decision-making in an Ultimatum GameMartin Brune
Research Department of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Psychiatric Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
Conscious Cogn 21:939-46. 2012..These findings indicate that psychological interventions such as hypnotic suggestion can contribute to ingroup favoritism and outgroup rejection...
Social skills and behavioral problems in schizophrenia: the role of mental state attribution, neurocognition and clinical symptomatologyMartin Brune
Research Department for Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Psychiatric Preventive Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
Psychiatry Res 190:9-17. 2011..As such, training to target social cognitive skills, including mental state attribution, may be particularly beneficial for patients' social functioning...
[Are psychic disorders specifically human?]M Brune
Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik und Präventivmedizin, LWL Universitätsklinik Bochum, Ruhr Universitat Bochum, Alexandrinenstrasse 1, 44791, Bochum, Deutschland
Nervenarzt 80:252-62. 2009..Accordingly, future multidisciplinary research should be thoroughly grounded in the natural sciences, preferably adopting a structure after Tinbergen's four "W" questions on ontogeny, mechanism, phylogeny, and adaptive value...
[Social cognition in schizophrenia. Mentalising and psychosocial functioning]M Brune
Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik und Präventivmedizin, LWL Universitätsklinik Bochum, Ruhr Universitat, Alexandrinenstrasse 1, 44791, Bochum
Nervenarzt 81:339-46. 2010..To answer this open question requires longitudinal studies that are currently unavailable...
"Theory of mind" is impaired in Huntington's diseaseMartin Brune
Research Department of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Psychiatric Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
Mov Disord 26:671-8. 2011..Schizophrenia patients are frequently impaired in "theory of mind" (ToM), that is, the ability to reflect on the mental states of self and others, with mixed evidence for a ToM deficit in HD...
Von Economo neuron density in the anterior cingulate cortex is reduced in early onset schizophreniaMartin Brune
Research Department for Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Psychiatric Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
Acta Neuropathol 119:771-8. 2010..These findings suggest that VENs in the ACC are involved in neurodevelopmental and perhaps neurodegenerative processes specific to schizophrenia...
An fMRI study of "theory of mind" in at-risk states of psychosis: comparison with manifest schizophrenia and healthy controlsMartin Brune
Research Department of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Psychiatric Preventive Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, LWL University Hospital, Germany
Neuroimage 55:329-37. 2011..We therefore examined ToM in subjects at risk of developing psychosis using an fMRI paradigm and compared brain activations with those of patients with manifest schizophrenia and healthy controls...
Machiavellianism and executive functioning in patients with delusional disorderMartin Brune
Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University of Bochum, Alexandrinenstr 1, 44791 Bochum, Germany
Psychol Rep 106:205-15. 2010..This finding indicates that frontal lobe dysfunction may influence interpersonal attitudes and personality in Delusional Disorder...
Nonverbal behavior during standardized interviews in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disordersMartin Brune
Centre for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Preventative Medicine, University of Bochum, Germany
J Nerv Ment Dis 196:282-8. 2008..Culture-specific nonverbal expressivity seems to play an additional (minor) role in distinguishing patients from healthy controls...
On human self-domestication, psychiatry, and eugenicsMartin Brune
Department of Psychiatry, University of Bochum, LWL Hospital, Germany
Philos Ethics Humanit Med 2:21. 2007....
Mental state attribution, neurocognitive functioning, and psychopathology: what predicts poor social competence in schizophrenia best?Martin Brune
Center for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Preventative Medicine, University of Bochum, Alexandrinenstr 1, 44791 Bochum, Germany
Schizophr Res 92:151-9. 2007..We sought to determine whether mental state attribution in schizophrenia predicts poor social competence better than "non-social" cognitive factors or psychopathology...
Psychopathology in great apes: concepts, treatment options and possible homologies to human psychiatric disordersMartin Brune
Center for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Bochum, Germany
Neurosci Biobehav Rev 30:1246-59. 2006..This article proposes the need to expand research into ape psychopathology, which would require an essentially interdisciplinary approach of primatology and psychiatry, ultimately to the benefit of both...
The evolutionary psychology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: the role of cognitive metarepresentationMartin Brune
Center for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
Perspect Biol Med 49:317-29. 2006..The costly side of the adaptive ability to anticipate future needs or threats could be that etiologically heterogeneous affections of the underlying striatal-frontal brain circuits may render an individual vulnerable to develop OCD...
Proverb comprehension reconsidered--'theory of mind' and the pragmatic use of language in schizophreniaMartin Brune
Center for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bochum, Alexandrinenstr 1, 44791 Bochum, Germany
Schizophr Res 75:233-9. 2005....
Emotion recognition, 'theory of mind,' and social behavior in schizophreniaMartin Brune
Center for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bochum, Alexandrinenstrasse 1 3, Bochum, D 44791 Germany
Psychiatry Res 133:135-47. 2005..Considering impaired social perception and social cognition significantly contributes to the understanding of social behavioral problems in schizophrenia...
Theory of mind in schizophrenia: the role of clinical symptomatology and neurocognition in understanding other people's thoughts and intentionsMona Abdel-Hamid
Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Preventative Medicine, University of Bochum, LWL Hospital, Germany
Psychiatry Res 165:19-26. 2009..This study lends further support to the assumption of differential associations of ToM deficits with individual symptoms and symptom clusters in schizophrenia...
An fMRI study of theory of mind in schizophrenic patients with "passivity" symptomsMartin Brune
Department of Psychiatry, Ruhr University Bochum, LWL Hospital, Alexandrinenstr 1, 44791 Bochum, Germany
Neuropsychologia 46:1992-2001. 2008..These findings suggest abnormal activation of those brain areas involved in the evaluation of self-reference during mental state attribution...
Hippocampal subdivision and amygdalar volumes in patients in an at-risk mental state for schizophreniaHenning Witthaus
Early Recognition and Therapy Centre for Beginning Psychoses Bochum, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
J Psychiatry Neurosci 35:33-40. 2010..Furthermore, no subregions of the hippocampus have been investigated in people at UHR...
Alterations of theory of mind network activation in chronic cannabis usersPatrik Roser
Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
Schizophr Res 139:19-26. 2012..These activation patterns resemble those found in at-risk populations, suggesting that cannabis use can affect the processing of social information similar to other risk factor constellations for psychosis...
Ventral striatal activation during reward processing in subjects with ultra-high risk for schizophreniaGeorg Juckel
Department of Psychiatry, Ruhr University Bochum, LWL University Hospital, Bochum, Germany
Neuropsychobiology 66:50-6. 2012....
Intrinsic motivation and metacognition as predictors of learning potential in patients with remitted schizophreniaCumhur Taş
Research Department of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Psychiatric Preventative Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Alexandrinenstrasse 1, Bochum, Germany
J Psychiatr Res 46:1086-92. 2012..We hypothesized that metacognition and intrinsic motivation would have a strong relationship and independently predict learning potential...
Face and body perception in schizophrenia: a configural processing deficit?Denise Soria Bauser
Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Dept of Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitatsstrase 150, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
Psychiatry Res 195:9-17. 2012..The magnitude of the inversion effects was not related to clinical symptoms. Overall, the data point towards reduced configural processing, not only for faces but also for bodies and cars in individuals with schizophrenia...
Gray matter abnormalities in subjects at ultra-high risk for schizophrenia and first-episode schizophrenic patients compared to healthy controlsHenning Witthaus
Early Recognition and Therapy Centre for Psychoses Bochum BoFit, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Ruhr University of Bochum, Alexandrinenstrasse 1, 44791, Germany
Psychiatry Res 173:163-9. 2009..This study provides further evidence that gray matter brain volume, especially in the anterior cingulate cortex, is already reduced in the prodromal state of schizophrenia...
The illness and everyday living: close interplay of psychopathological syndromes and psychosocial functioning in chronic schizophreniaDaniela Schaub
LWL University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Preventive Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Alexandrinenstr 1, 44791 Bochum, Germany
Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 261:85-93. 2011..Findings prove the close interplay between social functioning and psychopathology in the chronic course of schizophrenia...
Cooperation and deception recruit different subsets of the theory-of-mind networkSilke Lissek
Department of Neurology, Ruhr University Bochum, BG Kliniken Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
PLoS ONE 3:e2023. 2008..These results indicate an important role for prefrontal cortex in processing a mismatch between a character's intention and another's expectations as required in complex social interactions...
Social cognition in "pure" delusional disorderIsabel Bömmer
University of Bochum, Germany
Cogn Neuropsychiatry 11:493-503. 2006..Difficulties in metaphorical speech comprehension and executive functioning could, however, indicate more subtle social cognitive deficits in these patients...
Comparison of self- and clinician's ratings of Personal and Social Performance in patients with schizophrenia: the role of insightDaniela Schaub
Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Bochum, Germany
Psychopathology 45:109-16. 2012....
An rTMS study into self-face recognition using video-morphing techniqueChristine Heinisch
Research Department of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Psychiatric Preventive Medicine, University of Bochum, LWL University Hospital, Alexandrinenstr 1, D 44791 Bochum, Germany
Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 6:442-9. 2011..The transition from an unfamiliar face to one's own face indicated a left frontal lateralization...
Rules of social exchange: game theory, individual differences and psychopathologyJulia Wischniewski
Department of Psychiatry, University of Bochum, LWL University Hospital, Alexandrinenstr 1, D 44791 Bochum, Germany
Neurosci Biobehav Rev 33:305-13. 2009....
Validation of the Personal and Social Performance (PSP) Scale in a German sample of acutely ill patients with schizophreniaGeorg Juckel
Department of Psychiatry, Ruhr University Bochum, LWL Hospital, Germany
Schizophr Res 104:287-93. 2008..Thus, the findings prove the PSP scale to be a reliable and valid instrument for assessing social functioning of patients with schizophrenia during the course of treatment as well as in the acute state...
Proverb comprehension impairments in schizophrenia are related to executive dysfunctionPatrizia Thoma
Dept of Neuropsychology, Ruhr University of Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
Psychiatry Res 170:132-9. 2009....
Impact of family involvement on social cognition training in clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia -- a randomized pilot studyCumhur Taş
Department of Psychiatry, Celal Bayar University Hospital Manisa, Turkey
Psychiatry Res 195:32-8. 2012..Family-assisted SCIT is effective in improving quality of life, social functioning and social cognition...
Nonverbal behavior during clinical interviews: similarities and dissimilarities among schizophrenia, mania, and depressionSigrid Annen
Research Department of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Psychiatric Preventive Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, Ruhr University of Bochum, LWL University Hospital Bochum, Alexandrinenstrasse 1, Bochum, Germany
J Nerv Ment Dis 200:26-32. 2012..Patients with schizophrenia, depression, and mania differ in nonverbal behavior. Nonverbal communication seems to be a significant contributor to clinicians' intuitive ratings...
White matter abnormalities in subjects at ultra high-risk for schizophrenia and first-episode schizophrenic patientsHenning Witthaus
Early Recognition and Therapy Centre for beginning psychosis Bochum BoFit, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Ruhr University of Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
Schizophr Res 102:141-9. 2008..Furthermore, white matter abnormalities seem to progress after transition into schizophrenia...
"Theory of mind" and executive functioning in forensic patients with schizophreniaKarina Majorek
Department of Psychiatry, University of Bochum, LWL University Hospital, Germany
J Forensic Sci 54:469-73. 2009....
Theory of mind and neurocognitive functioning in patients with bipolar disorderFrederike Wolf
Research Department of Cognitive Neuropsychiatryand Psychiatric Preventive Medicine, University of Bochum, LWL University Hospital, Germany
Bipolar Disord 12:657-66. 2010..Results have been mixed so far, mainly due to possible confounding effects of neurocognition, as well as clinical factors such as acuity and current mood. Here, we explored ToM and its associations with neurocognitive functioning in BPD...
Theory of mind and the role of IQ in chronic disorganized schizophreniaMartin Brune
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ruhr University of Bochum, Alexandrinenstr 1 3, D 44791 Bochum, Germany
Schizophr Res 60:57-64. 2003..Several studies have suggested a theory of mind (ToM) deficit in schizophrenic disorders. However, the role of interfering variables such as IQ, attention, memory, and severity of the disorder has remained ambiguous...
Theory of mind--evolution, ontogeny, brain mechanisms and psychopathologyMartin Brune
Center for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bochum, Alexandrinenstr 1 3, 44791 Bochum, Germany
Neurosci Biobehav Rev 30:437-55. 2006..This article reviews the evolutionary psychology of theory of mind including its ontogeny and representation in the central nervous system, and studies of theory of mind in psychopathological conditions...
Mentalizing in preclinical Huntington's disease: an fMRI study using cartoon picture storiesCarsten Saft
Department of Neurology, Huntington Centre NRW, Ruhr University Bochum, St Josef Hospital, Gudrunstr 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany
Brain Imaging Behav 7:154-62. 2013..This suggests that impaired mentalizing emerges with the clinical manifestation of the disease, but is not necessarily part of the pre-manifest stage...
Neuropsychological aspects of delusional disorderMona Abdel-Hamid
Department of Psychiatry, University of Bochum, LWL University Hospital, Alexandrinenstr 1, 44791, Bochum, Germany
Curr Psychiatry Rep 10:229-34. 2008..Future research may help to clarify the question of gene-environment interaction involvement in the formation of delusional beliefs...
Impairment of probabilistic reward-based learning in schizophreniaJulia A Weiler
Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
Neuropsychology 23:571-80. 2009..In summary, although there was evidence of intact basic processing of reward magnitudes, individuals with schizophrenia were impaired at using this feedback for the adaptive guidance of behavior...
Is evaluation of humorous stimuli associated with frontal cortex morphology? A pilot study using facial micro-movement analysis and MRIGeorg Juckel
Department of Psychiatry, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
Cortex 47:569-74. 2011....
"Theory of mind" in schizophrenia: a review of the literatureMartin Brune
Center for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bochum, Alexandrinenstr 1 3, D 44791 Bochum, Germany
Schizophr Bull 31:21-42. 2005..In addition to these potential research areas, future studies may also address whether patients could benefit from cognitive training in this domain...
Microglial activation in a neuroinflammational animal model of schizophrenia--a pilot studyGeorg Juckel
Department of Psychiatry, Ruhr University Bochum, LWL University Hospital, Germany
Schizophr Res 131:96-100. 2011....
Ethological approaches to psychiatric disorders: focus on depression and schizophreniaErwin Geerts
Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Preventative Medicine, University of Bochum, LWL University Hospital, Alexandrinenstrasse 1, Bochum, Germany
Aust N Z J Psychiatry 43:1007-15. 2009..A full appreciation of psychiatric disorders may require answers to questions to the proximate causes and evolutionary (Darwinian) trajectories of behaviour, an approach that may well be expanded to maladaptive cognition and emotion...
Auditory mismatch negativity deficits in long-term heavy cannabis usersPatrik Roser
Department of Psychiatry, Ruhr University Bochum, Alexandrinenstr 1, 44791, Bochum, Germany
Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 260:491-8. 2010..The results indicate that chronic cannabis use may cause a specific impairment of auditory information processing. In particular, duration and quantity of cannabis use could be identified as important factors of deficient MMN generation...
Schizophrenia-an evolutionary enigma?Martin Brune
Centre for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bochum, Alexandrinenstr, Bochum, Germany
Neurosci Biobehav Rev 28:41-53. 2004..In the present article, I therefore discuss the evolutionary hypotheses of schizophrenia, arguing that a symptom-based approach to psychotic disorders in evolutionary perspective may improve upon the existing models of schizophrenia...
Potential therapeutic avenues to tackle social cognition problems in schizophreniaElliot C Brown
International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
Expert Rev Neurother 12:71-81. 2012..It is emphasized that a more integrated and naturalistic approach for improving social functioning with greater sensitivity for neuroscientific findings related to the psychopathology of schizophrenia is warranted...
Psychosurgery and deep brain stimulation as ultima ratio treatment for refractory depressionGeorg Juckel
Department of Psychiatry Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Ruhr University, Alexandrinenstr 1, Bochum 44791, Germany
Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 259:1-7. 2009..In this review, we suggest possible standard criteria for the application of deep brain stimulation on patients suffering from otherwise treatment-resistant depression...
Erotomania variants in dementiaMartin Brune
Center for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 16:232-4. 2003....
Impaired facial emotion recognition in a ketamine model of psychosisAndreas Ebert
Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
Psychiatry Res 200:724-7. 2012..Given the role of glutamatergic neurotransmission in schizophrenia-related cognitive impairments, we investigated the effects of the glutamatergic NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine on facial emotion recognition...
Smoking reduces language lateralization: a dichotic listening study with control participants and schizophrenia patientsConstanze Hahn
Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
Brain Cogn 76:300-9. 2011..Possible neurobiological mechanisms with which smoking may alter auditory microcircuits and thereby diminish left-right differences are discussed...
Obsessive compulsive disorder in huntington disease: a case of isolated obsessions successfully treated with sertralineTanja Patzold
Department Neurology, Psychiatry, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 15:216-9. 2002..To report about a patient with Huntington disease (HD) in combination with obsessions who was successfully treated with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor...
Toward an integration of interpersonal and biological processes: evolutionary psychiatry as an empirically testable framework for psychiatric researchMartin Brune
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ruhr University of Bochum, Alexandrinenstr 1 3, 44791 Bochum, Germany
Psychiatry 65:48-57. 2002....
Towards an integrative approach to understanding quality of life in schizophrenia: the role of neurocognition, social cognition, and psychopathologyCumhur Taş
International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
Compr Psychiatry 54:262-8. 2013....
Stress induces a functional asymmetry in an emotional attention taskMartin Brune
Research Department of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Psychiatric Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital Bochum, Bochum, Germany
Cogn Emot 27:558-66. 2013..This could suggest that stress influences interhemispheric transfer of information that is relevant for emotion processing...
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the temporoparietal junction influences distinction of self from famous but not unfamiliar othersChristine Heinisch
Research Department of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Psychiatric Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital Bochum, Germany
Behav Neurosci 126:792-6. 2012..This suggests that the right TPJ is involved in self-other distinction, specifically if the other's face is familiar to the subject...
Interaction of recalled parental ADHD symptoms and rearing behavior with current attachment and emotional dysfunction in adult offspring with ADHDMarc Andreas Edel
Dept of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ruhr University Bochum, LWL University Hospital Bochum, Alexandrinenstr 1, Bochum, Germany
Psychiatry Res 178:137-41. 2010..ADHD symptoms in parents of children with ADHD may present a risk factor for attachment problems and poor emotion regulation when ADHD children are grown...
Association of 5-HT1B receptor polymorphisms with the loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials in a community-based sample of healthy volunteersGeorg Juckel
Department of Psychiatry, Ruhr University Bochum, Alexandrinenstrasse 1, 44791 Bochum, Germany
Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147:454-8. 2008....
