Christian Bellebaum

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..In accordance with previous findings, no bias was found for active learning. This pattern of results is discussed in terms of differences in the neural underpinnings of active and observational learning from performance feedback...

..The findings are in line with recent results based on functional neuroimaging and lend further support to the idea of a key role of the ACC in the integration of information on different aspects of performance outcomes...

..P300 amplitude was also modulated by outcome valence and expectancy. It was larger for positive and unexpected outcomes. It remains to be clarified, however, whether the P300 reflects a positive prediction error...

..Despite general changes of outcome-related ERPs in healthy aging, older subjects show evidence of preserved effects of expectancy on the processing of monetary feedback...

..The results are discussed in terms of the implication of different BG subregions in different aspects of learning from feedback...

..Finally, methodological problems in assessing executive deficits in general and in assessing the cerebellar contribution to executive processing in particular are addressed...

..Our data suggest that integration of corollary discharge and motor information occurs directly before the second saccade in a double-step task...

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..We conclude that extraretinal information about the first saccade is integrated with motor information about the second saccade in the inter-saccade interval...

..Alternative explanations such as differences in reward value between active and observational learning are also discussed...

..The FRN as an error signal indicating the need for behavioral adaptation appears to be especially relevant, if negative feedback is linked to agency...

..Largely intact performance accuracy together with increased SRTs and the altered Pe pattern may indicate a compensatory mechanism presumably related to slower, more conscious aspects of error processing in the patients...

..These findings are discussed in relation to potential brain correlates in RM and NRM during encoding and retrieval...

..Overall, the findings suggest that the cerebellum is implicated in reversal learning as a dissociable component of reward-based learning...

..Furthermore early error processing based on internal information may contribute to error awareness which was reduced in the patients...

..Acquired equivalence learning, which requires generalization across stimuli and transfer of learned contingencies to new stimuli, was mildly impaired in older subjects...

..In summary, although there was evidence of intact basic processing of reward magnitudes, individuals with schizophrenia were impaired at using this feedback for the adaptive guidance of behavior...

..In accordance with previous work, this relative positivity is thought to reflect sensory memory, whereas the earlier negative deflection can be more directly linked to the updating process itself...

..The pattern of results is discussed with respect to the involvement of hippocampal-cerebellar interactions and awareness in the mediation of age-related conditioning changes...

..On the other hand, the modulation is only seen for very low feedback expectancy, which suggests that brain regions other than those of the reward system contribute to feedback processing in an observation setting...

..Taken together, our findings support the idea of cerebellar involvement in nonmotor functions and indicate the relevance of interindividual differences in regard to clinical parameters after focal cerebellar damage...

..The present study extends previous findings on the neural underpinnings of saccadic updating and further elucidates the mechanisms underlying cerebellar predictive motor control...

..This finding suggests that cerebellar damage altered the neural processes underlying saccadic updating in a perceptual context without causing overt behavioural deficits...

..During transfer, the relative preference to learn from positive or negative feedback was also assessed...

..The pattern of results suggests that the neuropsychological outcome after aneurysmal SAH is affected by both the severity of the bleeding and the type of therapy...

..Future research will have to elucidate the specific neural underpinnings of observational learning...

..The relationship between state and, less consistently, trait measures of empathy and action monitoring might be more pronounced for observational than for active participation...

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