A Nehlig

..Neuronal damage consecutive to severe and prolonged hypoglycaemia occurs mainly in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and caudate-putamen as a result of active release of excitatory amino acids...

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..0% were localized in astrocytes on GFAP-labeled sections and 60.1% in neurons on MAP2-labeled sections. These data represent the first in vivo evidence of the compartmentation of uptake and metabolism of glucose in neurons and astrocytes...

..Our data are concordant with the hypothesis that neuronal activity underlying the occurrence of spike-and-wave discharges does not seem to require an increase in metabolic demand and blood flow rates. [Published with videosequences]...

..These data show that acute pentylenetetrazol seizures induce a rapid up-regulation of the GLUT1 and GLUT3 mRNAs, but do not result in measurable increases in protein levels, suggesting translational regulation...

..Finally, the sequence of metabolic changes occurring during a transient increase of electrical activity in specific regions of the brain remains to be clarified...

..They also show that low doses of caffeine which reflect the usual human level of consumption fail to activate reward circuits in the brain and thus provide functional evidence of the very low addictive potential of caffeine...

..Conversely, the homogeneous increase in cerebral betaHB uptake occurring between PN10 and PN17 at a period of active brain growth may rather reflect non-specific mechanisms of cell growth...

..Thus, SE induced by lithium and pilocarpine early in life does not change the sensitivity to limbic seizures or seizures induced by GABA(A) antagonists during adulthood...

..This report extends the observation in humans that the KD does not appear to show effectiveness in intractable atypical absence epilepsy to this model of typical childhood absence epilepsy which responds to specific antiepileptic drugs...

..Conversely, the full electrocortical maturation seems necessary for the expression of spike-and-wave discharges with the concurrent increase in LCMRglcs in adult GAERS...

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..Thus, BCAAs and alpha-KIC, by decreasing the effects of glutamatergic neurotransmission could facilitate those of GABAergic neurotransmission, which is known to increase the occurrence of seizures in GAERS...

..Pharmacological protection of the basal cortices is necessary for a beneficial disease-modifying effect but this must be combined with protection of the hippocampus to prevent epileptogenesis in this model of TLE...

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..Along with data from the literature, our data suggest that this nucleus could participate in the control of the basal ganglia over generalized epileptic seizures...

..Thus, the extensive neuronal damage occurring in the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices of the ECS-pilo rats seems to prevent the establishment of the hyperexcitable epileptic circuit...

..Furthermore, the study performed in non-epileptic rats indicates that chronic treatment with a GABAmimetic drug upregulates the expression of the protein GAD67 in specific areas of the brain, independently from the seizures...

..In temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), interictal behavioral disorders affect patients' quality of life. Therefore we studied long-term behavioral impairments in the lithium-pilocarpine (li-pilo) model of TLE...

..The genetic background underlying the expression of audiogenic seizures sensitizes strongly the rats to a further insult and compromises their survival...

..Thus, the level of coupling between blood flow supply and metabolism is not involved in seizure-related brain damage in the developing brain, which appears to be resistant to the consequences of such a mismatch...

..In particular, the reorganization of GABAergic axons in the dentate gyrus might contribute to synchronize hyperexcitability induced by the interneuron loss during the silent period, leading to the onset of chronic seizures...

..This indicates that the exposure to seizures during pregnancy is not harmful for the development of the fetus...

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..The failure of benzodiazepine and neurosteroid to potentiate inhibition early after SE may be a critical factor in the development of epileptogenesis and occurrence of seizures...

..The exact origin of this apparent metabolic dysregulation of energy metabolism in GAERS that could underlie the origin of seizures in that strain remains to be explored further...

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..The process of reorganization in regions with neuronal damage is not fully clarified...

..After 40 days of age, GAERS appeared definitely more prone than NERs to convulse in response to picrotoxin injection. A developmental imbalance in excitation/inhibition may parallel the occurrence of SWDs...

..In conclusion, the process of epileptogenesis and its functional consequences differ in P21 and adult rats. The factors underlying these age-related differences remain to be explored...

..At P21, l-Arg improved the outcome of seizures while LNA had no effect. These results demonstrated the age-dependent role of NO in epilepsy...

..In conclusion, topiramate displayed neuroprotective properties only in CA1 and CA3 that were not sufficient to prevent epileptogenesis...

..To understand the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in seizures and their consequences during development, we investigated the role of nitric oxide (NO) in severe pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizures in immature rats...

..Only late postictal measurements allowed the identification of significant changes in focal structures: the hippocampus is known to play a critical role in the spread of limbic seizures...

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..Thresholds to pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) seizures were usually based only on clinical symptoms. Our purpose was to use electroclinical patterns to assess the efficacy of a ketogenic and/or calorie-restricted diet on PTZ-induced seizures...

..CONCLUSIONS: These results support the broad spectrum of antiepileptic activity of TPM, confirming its efficacy in primary generalized seizures of both tonic-clonic and of the absence type...

..Therefore, this new model allowing the development of a well-defined SSSE, appears to be particularly suitable for further studies on the mechanisms involved in status epilepticus...

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..Neuronal NO appears to be not involved in the cerebrovascular response within the epileptic focus, but may rather have a role in the maintenance of distant LCBF regulation during seizures...

..At this point, many data are still missing, namely which drugs could efficiently stop SE or which mechanisms of action should be searched for to prevent the harmful consequences of SE...

..In conclusion, although DZP-TPM treatment was able to partially protect two areas critical for epileptogenesis, the hippocampus and ventral entorhinal cortex, it was not sufficient to prevent epileptogenesis...

..Thus with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we explored the differences in the evolution of lesions in these two populations of rats...

..Thus, endothelial NO is the mediator of the cerebrovascular response within the epileptic focus and participates in the maintenance of LCBF in distant areas...

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..It is, however, not clear to what extent the overexpression of EAAC1 contributes to epileptogenesis and in which area it may represent a preventive or compensatory or response to injury...

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..We hypothesized that conflicting results from other techniques might be due to the averaging of a biphasic response such as the one we described in children...

..These data suggest that seizure-related IL1-beta, NF-kappaB, and COX-2 expression may contribute to the pathophysiology of epilepsy by inducing neuronal death and astrocytic activation...

..Interestingly, procedural or implicit memory impairments have also been reported in schizophrenic patients...

..The present results support the effects of remacemide in tonic/clonic seizure, which was the first target of the drug, and confirm the effect of the anticonvulsant on absence seizures...

..However, they still do not allow us to understand why the ubiquitous mutation(s) generates spike-and-wave discharges only in the thalamocortical circuit...

..The spatial recruitment of remote subcortical structures could be further investigated to strengthen the rationale of therapeutic stimulation of basal ganglia in drug-resistant epilepsies...

..These data might reflect hyperdopaminergic activity, olfactory deficits, and sleep disturbances in STOP-KO mice that have also been reported in schizophrenic patients...

..We aimed to determine if the GSWD were related to hemodynamic changes by using a new technique with high temporal resolution: near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)...

..The method is evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively on real autoradiographic data. Rat brain autoradiographic volumes are reconstructed with registration errors less than 1 degree in rotation and less than 1 pixel in translation...

..In long-term follow-up, the initial MRI signal abnormality developed into a cortical atrophy in all cases. The establishment of the diagnosis, etiology, and options for treatment are discussed...

..The review is designed to inform clinicians about the basic issues related to the subject, thus allowing them to follow the ongoing debate and participate with pertinent questions. (Published with video sequences)...

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..The decreased glycolysis and oxidative metabolism of glucose as well as the increased astrocytic metabolism, may reflect adaptation of the brain to ketone bodies as major source of fuel...

..Increased glutamatergic output from the cortex to hippocampus may be the underlying cause of improved learning in GAERS...

..In contrast, the alteration of glutamate transporter expression, observed before the establishment of epileptic discharges, could reflect an abnormal maturation of the glutamatergic neurone-glia circuitry...

..This is, to our knowledge, the first study showing that metabolic disturbances are confined to neurons inside the epileptic circuit...

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..This study suggests that the visual field loss in vigabatrin-treated epileptic patients may result from a sequence of events starting from cone cell injury to a more severe disorganization of the photoreceptor layer...