A P Møller

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..This finding suggests that host-parasite interactions have played an important role in the evolution of song repertoires in birds...

..Given the high level of heritability, arrival date could readily respond to selection caused by environmental change...

..Our analysis also shows that male sexual advertisements do not always reliably signal direct fitness benefits...

..Because partial albinism is disfavored by natural selection, the effects of mutations are deleterious, giving rise to a balance between mutation and selection...

..The most parsimonious hypothesis for abnormalities in animal and human populations alike is that the effects are caused by the same underlying cause, viz. radiation derived from the Chernobyl accident...

..5. These findings suggest a previously unknown contribution of bacteria to risk of predation, with important implications for behaviour, population ecology and community ecology...

..They also suggest that migratory divides may play a role in local adaptation in host-parasite interactions...

..These findings are consistent with cuckoo host races being isolated by timing of breeding and habitat...

..These findings suggest that stable-isotope measurements can provide information about population processes following environmental perturbations...

..These results suggest that brain size is currently under natural and sexual selection, and that micro-evolutionary processes affecting brain size can be studied under field conditions...

..Therefore, species that respond strongly to the impact of radiation from Chernobyl are also the species that in the past have been most susceptible to factors that have caused high substitution rates in mitochondrial DNA...

..These results provide evidence of declining sperm performance for important reproductive variables not only with age, but also with the sperm of old males performing differentially better in female medium than young males...

..Species advancing their breeding date the most also expanded the duration of the breeding season. In contrast, long-distance migration and generation time did not predict change in duration of the breeding season...

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..These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that climate change affects the relative abundance of different host races of the common cuckoo...

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..This results in a decreased rate of adaptation, not because of constraints on arrival date, but constraints on delay before breeding, that is, a trait that can be equally important in the context of climate change...

..In contrast, liver and heart size or sexual size dimorphism in size did not covary with immune defence. Thus, species in which males have relatively large brains also have relatively large immune defence organs...

..In addition, geographical patterns of phenotypic selection predict current patterns of phenotypic variation among populations, suggesting that consistent patterns of selection have been present for considerable amounts of time...

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..These findings provide evidence of rapid micro-evolutionary change in a secondary sexual character during a very short time period, which is associated with a rapid change in environmental conditions...

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..Therefore, species of birds with high metabolic rates senesce more slowly than species with low metabolic rates...

..These results are consistent with the hypothesis that sperm behaviour and morphology have been affected by radiation due to the Chernobyl accident...

..Therefore, parasite specialization may have evolved in response to strong host defenses...

..These findings were robust to control for potentially confounding effects of body mass, age of first reproduction and phenotypic similarity among species because of common descent...

..7. Analyses of bird ringing information for millions of offspring of hundreds of bird species deposited in national ringing schemes may provide unlimited access to long-term time series of reproductive variables...

..These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that traits most important for sexual selection are particularly susceptible to the effects of deleterious mutations...

..These results imply that BMR is positively related to risk-taking behaviour, and that predation constitutes a neglected factor in the evolution of BMR...

..We suggest that individual body condition rather than secondary effects of radiation on resource abundance account for the effects on nest box use and hatching success...

..7. These findings provide evidence of fertilizer use in agriculture having significant indirect effects on timing of reproduction, clutch size, recruitment and longevity of a seabird...

..Lean females obtained extrapair fertilizations when their social mate was genetically similar, thereby producing more heterozygous extrapair chicks. Our results suggest that mating patterns may be condition-dependent...

..M Petrie has independently developed the idea that mutator alleles may account for the maintenance of genetic variation in viability despite strong directional selection...

..This relationship held even when controlling for similarity among species because of common ancestry. Therefore, T-cell-mediated immunity is an important predictor of evolutionary changes in dispersal ability among common European birds...

..These findings suggest that parasite-induced nestling mortality in birds is mainly determined by geographical location and to a smaller extent nest site and prevalence...

..These findings suggest that the evolution of senescence is related to timing of first reproduction, but that the evolution of breeding sociality has played a negligible role in the evolution of senescence...

..These results suggest that the impact on host fitness caused by avian haematozoa may be underestimated in natural populations if the exacerbated virulence associated with exposure to multiple parasites is not taken into account...

..These results suggest that breeding distribution range, population size and intensity of sexual selection are important predictors of levels of genetic variability in extant populations...

..In contrast, there was only a marginal effect of average household income. Thus, there was evidence of increased competition for resources contributing to increased sex differences in longevity within a single nation...

..These results provide evidence of selection on different aspects of feather morphology directly related to flight performance and thus escape ability from predators...

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..This provides evidence for the abundance of directly transmitted parasites having an additive genetic component. We found no evidence of common environment effects as parents did not resemble each other with respect to lice abundance...