E M Leroy

..In contrast, nonsynonymous substitutions predominated over synonymous substitutions in the NP gene of the two Gabon strains, pointing to divergent evolution of these strains and to selective pressures on this gene...

..Surveillance of animal mortality may help to predict and prevent human Ebola outbreaks...

..They also suggest that future Ebola outbreaks may occur anywhere in the central African forest region...

..Wild animal outbreaks began before each of the 5 human Ebola outbreaks. Twice we alerted the health authorities to an imminent risk for human outbreaks, weeks before they occurred...

..This disconcerting and current unique example of "evolutionary convergence" occurring in nature illustrates rapid pathogen adaptation to ecological perturbation, driven directly as a consequence of human activities...

..The linear increase with age suggests continuous exposure of Gabonese populations to WNV. Further investigations are needed to determine the WNV cycle and transmission patterns in Gabon...

..The prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum carriage is poorly documented in Gabon. A large survey of P. falciparum infection was conducted in asymptomatic individuals living in rural Gabon...

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..Recently, bats of multiple species have been identified as possible natural hosts of Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) in Gabon and Republic of Congo, and also of marburgvirus (MARV) in Gabon and Democratic Republic of Congo...

..These findings support the suspected role of bats in the natural cycle of Ebola virus and indicate that the massive seasonal fruit bat migrations should be taken into account in operational Ebola risk maps and seasonal alerts in the DRC...

..We find evidence of asymptomatic infection by Ebola virus in three species of fruit bat, indicating that these animals may be acting as a reservoir for this deadly virus...

..As a result, our understanding of the ecology, host interactions, and control of these viruses has improved considerably...

..The purpose of this review is to present the main developments in these particular fields in the last decade...

..Thus, events very early in Ebola virus infection determine the control of viral replication and recovery or catastrophic illness and death...

..We aimed to determine whether these individuals were indeed infected with Ebola virus, and how they maintained asymptomatic status...

..RT-PCR detected Ebola RNA in PBMC one to three weeks after disappearance of symptoms when antigen was undetectable. RT-PCR was the most sensitive method and able to detect virus from early acute disease throughout early recovery...

..1% in the base pairs. Sequencing also showed that all isolates were very similar to subtype Zaire EBO virus isolates from the Democratic Republic of the Congo...

..monstrosus females suggests virus transmission within bat populations through fighting and sexual contact. Our study, thus, helps to describe Ebola virus circulation in bats and offers some insight into the appearance of outbreaks...

..Taken together, these findings improve our understanding about immune response during human asymptomatic Ebola infection, and throw new light on protection against Ebola virus...

..During outbreaks containment depends on implementation of simple precautions including isolation of suspected cases, appropriate protective clothing, disinfection with hypochlorite solutions, and proper waste disposal...

..The potential for recombination adds an additional level of complexity to unraveling and potentially controlling the emergence of ZEBOV in humans and wildlife species...

..In contrast, defective inflammatory responses and massive monocyte/macrophage activation were associated with fatal outcome...

..These findings provide significant new insights into ZEBOV circulation and human exposure, and raise important questions as to the human pathogenicity of ZEBOV and the existence of natural protective immunization...

..8%. A significant positive direct association existed between seroprevalence and the distances to the Ebola virus-epidemic area. This study suggests that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus and that the putative infection is asymptomatic...

..In contrast, the prevalence of RVFV has rarely been investigated in central African countries...

..loa infections. The study demonstrates the ability of a nested-PCR assay to identify animals naturally infected with simian L. loa...

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..Phylogenetic analysis showed the circulation of HBV-A3 and -E genotypes and the presence of HDV-1, HDV-7, and HDV-8 clades...

..Chikungunya or dengue-2 virus infections were identified in 321 patients; 8 patients had documented co-infections. Aedes albopictus was identified as the principal vector for the transmission of both viruses...

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