J J Lefrere

..Its scientific and medical value is poor, but provides us with the various meanings of the word 'neurosis' in the late nineteenth century...

..We can distinguish limitations due to adverse events related to the technology itself or to recipient susceptibility, the limits of effectiveness depending on the target, the technology, organizational, economic and geographical limits...

..He even had followers in the following century, amongst whom Serge Voronoff (1866-1951), who grafted monkey testicles in replacement of human ones, or Paul Niehans (1882-1971) who practiced therapy using calf embryo cells in Switzerland...

..This paper retraces the hard career of this American scientist of Austrian origin, and describes the circumstances that led his research to the discoveries, which were turning points in the history of the immunology...

..As part of the course, each student develops a study protocol that can be implemented in his/her blood center of hospital...

..Preserved over a long period of time, such transfusion biobanks will be useful in terms of public health, as a reflection of the biological state of a population at a given moment...

..The in vivo efficacy of pathogen inactivation methods could be assessed by the absence of hepatitis G virus markers after transfusion of pathogen-inactivated blood products, in recipients susceptible to infection before the transfusion...

..Baseline HIV RNA load was a CD4+ T cell-independent predictor of progression to death. The major finding was that the disease outcome for HIV-1-infected persons is already determined during the first year of infection...

..7 months. The persistent infection rate was 100% in this donor cohort. Once acquired, the infection to GBV-C/HGV generally tends to persist in immunocompetent patients...

..The improvement and standardization of assays needs to be attained, and training of laboratories appears to be a step crucial for routine screening of viral genomes in blood donations...

..The following recommendations are not strict guidelines but is a common basis which will be improved in 2005 according to new evidence based transfusion medicine...

..The carriage of GBV-C/HGV RNA is associated with a slower progression of HIV disease in coinfected persons...

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..Such data confirm the general trend of disease progression in the entire population of HIV carriers...

..Recently, a new human parvovirus (PARV4) has been discovered. The consequences on blood transfusion of this blood-borne agent and its pathogenicity are still unknown...

..The prevalence of TTV DNA observed in blood recipients is consistent with that of TTV infection observed in blood donors. TTV infection frequently tends to persist. (Blood. 2000;95:347-351)..

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..This discovery and its application did not happen easily, in particular within his own team. In 1922, the Nobel Prize would reward this researcher, who died two decades later in an airplane crash...

..Several electronic companies have given a free access to the programmes and sites. The use of electronic media leads to an adaptation of teaching methods making them more interactive...

..If not, a screening of blood donors positive for B19 IgG would be a sufficient preventive measure...

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..Following the death of a transfused patient, a death most likely related to acute intravascular hemolysis, the practice of transfusion was prohibited, on both sides of the Channel, by decision of Parliament...