Silvia Franceschi

..Better information on the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infection is needed in many world areas...

..abstract:..

..Concerns have been raised that the proportion of cervical cancer preventable by human papillomavirus (HPV) 16/18 vaccines might be lower in sub-Saharan Africa than elsewhere...

..Little is known about the natural history of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in Asian women...

..We also examined the sociodemographic, clinical, and organizational factors associated with adherence to cervical cancer screening...

..Recent estimates (at least 10% of cancer worldwide) have revealed that viruses, together with tobacco and diet, account for the largest proportion of cancer in the world...

..Thus, early detection of CC precursor lesions by screening, and their treatment, will remain the most important measures for the control of CC for the foreseeable future...

..It also led to marked increases in their life expectancy...

..7), nulligravidity (OR=2.3), and condom use (OR=2.6). It is unclear how much low clearance of, or frequent reinfection with HPV accounted for the study prevalence of infection in different age groups...

..In the absence of a vaccine, the prevention of HCV infection requires an integrated strategy (i.e., screening of blood donations, safe injection practices, and avoidance of unnecessary injections)...

..HPV tests and HPV vaccines remain, however, too expensive, and large-scale financing of screening and vaccination in less developed countries is sorely lacking...

..Cervical cancer risk is associated with low education even in an unscreened population, but it is not clear whether human papillomavirus (HPV) infection follows the same pattern...

..06; 95% CI, 0.02-0.17). Thirty-three out of 52 (63.5%) KS cases among HAART users arose among PWHA who had stopped treatment or used HAART for less than 6 months...

..37; 95% CI: 1.03-5.43). No relationships between NHL risk and anti-HBc or HBsAg emerged. Coinfection with HIV and HCV or HBV did not increase NHL risk compared to HIV alone in the SHCS...

..In conclusion, our study confirms the importance of HCV in HCC etiology in Italy where the widespread dissemination of the virus dates back four or five decades...

..More limited data suggested that hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection might also be associated with NHL. However, prospective studies on the topic are few...

..A vaccine against HPV 16 and 18 may be effective in more than three-quarters of ICC in the study area...

..g., rapid human papillomavirus tests) are under evaluation...

..The present study supports the hypothesis of a role of diet in HCC aetiology. Dietary modifications may be indicated in subjects at high-risk for HCC...

..Components of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system have been associated with several cancers, but very few studies are available for ovarian cancer...

..This finding calls for caution in interpreting the favorable effects of cigarette smoking, considering the toxic and carcinogenic effects of tobacco...

..Results were consistent in strata of age, body mass index, treated hypertension, energy intake, stage and family history of RCC...

..The most common HPV type in genital cancers (HPV16) was also the most common in these tumors. The mechanism of transmission of HPV to the oral cavity warrants further investigation...

..Consequently, a case-control study was carried out to further investigate the role of dietary fiber intake in the etiology of endometrial cancer...

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..0; 95% CI = 0.53-1.9) in HPV DNA-positive women. An association of C. trachomatis with squamous cell ICC was found among all cases and control women with or without adjustment for HPV...

..61; 95% CI: 0.78-3.30). In conclusion, a diet rich in linoleic acid containing foods (e.g. white meats and fish) and beta-carotene was inversely related to HCC risk...

..1 to 0.2% with a peak occurring at teenage and young adult ages. This article forms part of a special supplement entitled "Comprehensive Control of HPV Infections and Related Diseases" Vaccine Volume 30, Supplement 5, 2012...

..To assess the role of reproductive factors in the progression from HPV infection to cancer, we did a pooled analysis including only HPV-positive women...

..Interest in the potential benefits of allium vegetables, in particular, onion (Allium cepa) and garlic (Allium sativum), has its origin in antiquity, but the details of these benefits are still open to discussion...

..The epidemiologic evidence on dietary vitamins E and C and prostate cancer is controversial. Therefore, a case-control study was carried out to investigate the role of dietary intake of vitamins E and C in the etiology of prostate cancer...

..High BMI was the lifestyle risk factor that most consistently modified breast cancer prognosis in our study...

..Smoking increases the risk of squamous-cell carcinoma of the cervix, but it is not clear whether smoking increases the risk of acquisition or persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection...

..To investigate the relation between various micronutrients and laryngeal cancer risk...

..Infection acted together according to a multiplicative model, leading to a 4-fold elevated risk in current smokers HCV positive subjects...

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..Our study showed an effect of both women's and their husbands' sexual behavior on HPV positivity. Furthermore, it suggests some differences in the pattern of the association between sexual behavior and different HPV types...

..In conclusion, HCV infection was associated with an increase in NHL risk, and the fraction of NHL cases attributable to HCV was 12.4% (range 6.3-18.5%)...

..To assess the long-term effect of HAART on non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) incidence in people with HIV (PHIV)...

..However, the lack of an overall effect for one-carbon nutrients and the small sample size suggested caution in interpreting our results...

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..In conclusion, this study confirms the importance of multiparity, years of menstruation, and oral contraceptive use in endometrial cancer etiology, thus contributing to identify women at elevated risk of such neoplasm...

..This analysis is part of a series of analyses of cofactors of HPV in the aetiology of cervical cancer...

..CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the hypothesis that high dietary GI and GL are associated with cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract...

..RCC risks among overweight and obese persons were apparently higher in never smokers, persons with the clear-cell histologic type, and persons with a Fuhrman nuclear grade of G3-G4...

..To investigate the association between dietary habits and pancreatic cancer...

..Our findings strongly encourage physicians to advice NHL patients to stop smoking and diminish alcohol consumption to obtain improvements in the course of NHL...

..59, 95% CI: 0.36-0.97). The association of pasta/rice was also supported by an increased risk of high glycemic load levels (OR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.04-3.32). In conclusion, our results suggested that diet could affect NHL risk...

..None of penile cancers was found positive for any of the high-risk HPV types. These data show that HPV16 vaccination in this geographical region will have considerable impact on the prevention of cervical and other epithelial cancers...

..These differences, however, underline that great caution should be used in inferring the natural history of HPV from age-specific prevalences...

..Infections with certain viruses, bacteria, and parasites have been identified as strong risk factors for specific cancers. An update of their respective contribution to the global burden of cancer is warranted...

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..The magnitude of risk conferred by the interaction between tobacco and alcohol use on the risk of head and neck cancers is not clear because studies have used various methods to quantify the excess head and neck cancer burden...

..Our findings show that drinking pattern with respect to food consumption may influence alcohol carcinogenesis in the upper digestive and respiratory tract. An "alcohol washing effect" by chewing and swallowing is suggested...

..Increasing IGFBP-1 levels seem to be associated with endometrial cancer risk in older women and in women with a higher body mass index...

..The excess of risk among people smoking 2 cigarettes/day highlights the absence of any harmless level for cigarette smoking, and it further supports the need of public health programs against tobacco smoking...

..To investigate HIV-related immunodeficiency as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among persons infected with HIV, while controlling for the effect of frequent coinfection with hepatitis C and B viruses...

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..07-1.71). Detailed analyses revealed that TP53 codon 72 Pro allele was significantly associated with shorter survival among patients with glioblastomas carrying a TP53 mutation, and among those treated with surgery plus radiotherapy...

..Some regional differences in the relative importance of HPV genotypes in LSIL were noted...

..The different results by genotyping method suggest that the apparent clustering of HPV infections was an artifact of the measurement process. Further investigation is required to evaluate other widely used HPV detection methods...

..HPV16 in particular, but also HPV18 and 45, warrant special attention in HPV-based screening programs...

..Small sample size and publication bias complicate the assessment of the prevalence of HPV in head and neck sites beyond the oropharynx...

..pylori genes to the severity and progression of precancerous lesions is not well defined...

..The future benefit of childhood vaccination against HBV in Mongolia will be undermined by the consequences of a severe HCV epidemic and a uniquely high burden of dual infections...

..A moderate PA at any ages may help reducing a sizeable number of BPH...

..We performed a pooled analysis of seven case-control studies to examine the effect of one possible HPV cofactor, herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infection, in the etiology of invasive cervical cancer...

..0; 95% confidence interval, 0.2-5.4). TP53 inactivation is a major mechanism of HPV-related carcinogenesis in the oral cavity and oropharynx. The role of HPV in cancers also containing TP53 mutations remains to be clarified...

..In contrast, HPV seropositivity among men was not associated with sexual behavior or the presence of HPV DNA. Seroprevalence correlates with genital HPV exposure in young women, but its meaning in young men is unclear...

..Sexual contact may be the means by which head and neck cancer patients are exposed to human papillomavirus (HPV)...

..To provide survival estimates of Italian people with AIDS (PWA) in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era and to identify prognostic factors at diagnosis and illnesses present at death...

..Such trial may accelerate by many years the availability of an anti-HPV vaccine among populations at highest risk for cervical carcinoma...

..The role of selected macronutrients, cholesterol, and fatty acids in the etiology of epithelial ovarian cancer was analyzed using data from a case-control study carried out in five Italian areas between January 1992 and December 1999...

..5% in 1993-1996 to 2.4% in 1997-1998, but IRs after AIDS could not be evaluated. On account of the marked decline of KS in men in 1997-1998, the overall burden of ADCs in Italy became similar in both genders...

..Having had over 50 lifetime sexual partners, compared with only one, was associated with an odds ratio of 2.3...

..To evaluate the association of obesity and DM with HCC risk, we conducted a hospital-based, case-control study in two Italian areas...

..It is not known to what extent these different types are associated with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and cancer...

..Epidemiologic evidence suggests that a diet rich in fresh fruit and vegetables could be a protective factor against this disease. This effect may be mediated through antioxidant vitamins...

..After HPV-16/18, the six most common HPV types are the same in all world regions, namely 31, 33, 35, 45, 52 and 58; these account for an additional 20% of cervical cancers worldwide...

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..Finally, projections of the number of cases of cervical cancer following the introduction of mass vaccination are given for developed and developing countries...

..C. trachomatis infection was found to be a possible cofactor of HPV in the etiology of squamous cervical cancer, and its effect may be mediated by chronic inflammation...

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..A human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence survey was done in Mombasa, Kenya, to improve the knowledge of HPV prevalence and genotype distribution in sub-Saharan African countries overall, and in women of different ages...

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..However, it is unclear how many years must pass following cessation of these habits before the risk is reduced, and whether the risk ultimately declines to the level of never smokers or never drinkers...

..95; 95% CI: 1.2-3.1), but not women. The seroprevalence of HBV and HCV was low among Brazilian blood donors, and exposure increased with age in both genders...

..8), and of borderline statistical significance in HIV-positive people (95% CI:0.9-2.8). Immune depression entails a two-fold increased overall risk of cancers, mainly related to cancers associated with a viral aetiology...

..Few human papillomavirus (HPV) seroprevalence studies have been carried out in women from low-resource countries...

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..24, P = 0.003) with little effect in men (OR = 1.04, P = 0.35)...

..These data suggest that HSILs infected with HPV16, 18 and 45 preferentially progress to SCC. This may have implications for follow-up protocols of future HPV-based cervical cancer screening programmes and for HPV vaccine trials...

..We aimed to compare HPV-type distribution in representative samples of women from different world regions...

..A majority of ICC was associated with HPV16 or 18 in all regions, but approximately a quarter of all ICC cases were associated with one of 16 other HPV types, their distribution varying by region...

..In Africa, the AIDS epidemic led to KS becoming the most common cancer type in men in several areas. The RR of AIDS-associated tumours were lower in Africa than those reported in western countries...

..Cessation of smoking and substantial reduction of alcohol intake may improve nutritional status, besides stopping carcinogen exposure...