P Boffetta

..We determined the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and hypertension in a large cohort of Iranians and compared age-adjusted rates with the rates in the US...

..Our aim was to provide a comprehensive review of European epidemiological studies on the issue...

..We conducted an additional case-control study in order to further explore the role of non-alcoholic beverages in bladder carcinogenesis...

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..These results provide further evidence for an increased risk of specific cancers in patients with sarcoidosis, but do not support any additional increase in overall cancer risk...

..With the exception of lung cancer, the risk remained elevated during the entire follow-up. This study provides no evidence of a protective effect of uric acid. Hyperuricemia may be an early manifestation of the carcinogenic process...

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..To assess whether people who use smokeless tobacco products are at increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke...

..A meta-analysis was made of studies addressing occupational exposure to vinyl chloride in relation to cancer mortality...

..An increased risk of lung cancers among asphalt workers has been suggested in epidemiological studies based on large scale statistical analyses...

..Inhalation of bitumen fumes is potentially carcinogenic to humans...

..While external factors are responsible for many human cancers, precise estimates of the contribution of known carcinogens to the cancer burden in a given population have been scarce...

..Tobacco smoking is a plausible explanation of the association between pancreatic and lung cancer; the association with kidney cancer likely reflects additional common etiologic and pathogenetic factors of the two neoplasms...

..These goals can be best attained within the framework of large-scale, international collaborative projects...

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..Three recent studies have reported a decreased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) for high ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure...

..The role of other suspected risk factors, such as simian virus 40 infection and genetic predisposition, is unclear at present. Control of asbestos exposure remains the main approach to prevent peritoneal mesothelioma...

..The available evidence on cancer risk following exposure to other environmental pollutants, including, pesticides, dioxins and electro-magnetic fields, is inconclusive...

..No prospective studies are available on serum cotinine level as a marker of lung cancer risk...

..Animal carcinogenicity studies strongly support clinical results. Cancer risk of smokeless tobacco users is probably lower than that of smokers, but higher than that of non-tobacco users...

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..Although our estimates are based on simplified assumptions, the burden of alcohol-associated cancer appears to be substantial and needs to be considered when making public health recommendations on alcohol drinking...

..Alcohol consumption is increasing in many countries and is an important cause of cancer worldwide...

..Even if excess risk from exposure to involuntary smoking is small, its large prevalence makes it an important environmental carcinogen...

..Reduced AGT activity was not clearly associated with increased lung cancer risk in either smokers or non-smokers. However, the small size of our study argues for a prudent interpretation of our results...

..To investigate the risk of cancer among workers exposed to diesel emissions in a large record-linkage study from Sweden...

..Biomarkers should be validated though transitional studies; consideration to sources of bias and confounding in molecular epidemiology studies should be no less stringent than in traditional studies...

..To investigate the risk of cancer among butchers and other meat workers in a large record-linkage study from Sweden...

..This study assessed the lung cancer risk from exposure to titanium dioxide, an important pigment with limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals but sparse data for humans...

..Results on the risk of lung cancer in adulthood and childhood passive smoking exposure are available from 11 studies: they do not provide evidence of an increased risk (summary RR 0.91; CI, 0.80-1.05)...

..Our results confirm previous reports of a weak effect of adult ETS exposure on risk of adenocarcinoma of the lung. Bias and confounding cannot be excluded as explanations for the apparent decrease in risk from childhood exposure...

..This study analyzed cancer incidence among man-made vitreous fiber workers...

..The increasing rate during the study period might be due to non-smokers who took up the habit, but it might also reflect temporal changes in the effect of other risk factors of lung cancer in non-smokers...

..To address these issues, we have conducted a case-control study of lung cancer and exposure to ETS in 12 centers from seven European countries...

..Because limited information is available on the quantitative association between consumption of tobacco products other than cigarettes and lung cancer risk, we undertook a case-control study of this relationship...

..To study the mortality from cardiovascular and other chronic non-neoplastic diseases after long term exposure to inorganic mercury. Limited information is available on the effect of chronic exposure to mercury on the cardiovascular system...

..In addition, the political changes in Central and Eastern Europe open new possibilities for the investigation of high-exposure circumstances and occupational cancer in women...

..To study the carcinogenicity of inorganic mercury in humans...

..In addition to nonmelanoma skin and genital cancers, patients hospitalized for psoriasis were at increased risk of several malignancies, in particular those associated with alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking...

..It does not seem to interact with ETS exposure, although we cannot exclude that it does in association with exposure to other specific environmental carcinogens...

..We investigated the relationship between diet and UADT cancers in these high risk areas...

..Our results indicate that cigarette smoking increases oxidative stress and that during lung cancer development, formation of reactive nitrogen species results in nitration and oxidation of plasma proteins...

..These findings further support the hypothesis that glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms can modify RCC risk associated with occupational pesticide exposure...

..We investigated whether asbestos, as well as 20 other occupational dust exposures, were associated with RCC risk in a large European, multi-center, hospital-based renal case-control study...

..We have examined the role of dietary patterns and specific dietary nutrients in the etiology of lung cancer among non-smokers using a multicenter case-control study...

..Using a combined analysis of 11 case-control studies from Europe, we have investigated the relationship between cigarette smoking and bladder cancer in women...

..0 per logarithmic unit of cumulative dose). No strong relation was observed between cumulative vinyl chloride exposure and other cancers. Although cirrhosis mortality was decreased overall, there was a trend with cumulative exposure...

..However, the data on the role of the major risk factors in these areas are still limited...

..The prevalence of TP53 mutations in relation to VHL status may differ between clear-cell and other renal carcinomas...

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..60; 95% CI: 0.33-1.1; P trend = 0.05). Genotype associations with these subgroups were not modified when dietary sources of vitamin D or calcium were considered. Additional studies of genetic variation in the VDR gene are warranted...

..While some of these associations are consistent with previous studies, we cannot rule out the possibility of false-positive associations. The positive findings should be explored in another large-scale study on UADT cancers...

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..Patterns of second primary cancers (SPCs) following first primary lung cancers (FPLCs) may provide aetiological insights into FPLC...

..Our study strengthens the evidence of an association between maté drinking and esophageal cancer; the hypothesis of an association with other UADT cancers remains to be clarified...

..Our study shows that the risk of head and neck cancer among heavy drinkers is highest for sites in direct contact with alcohol. The high risk of head and neck neoplasms may justify specific medical attention...

..However, we cannot exclude the possibility that the OGG1 Ser326Cys and XRCC1 Arg194Trp polymorphisms play minor roles in lung carcinogenesis...

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..A key assumption in the projected rates is that the effect of environmental agents determining the trends during 1973-1992 will remain stable during the subsequent projection period...

..The increases in bladder and thyroid cancers are likely to be explained by effects of treatment for NHL. We did not find a chemotherapy related increased risk of myeloid leukaemia among NHL patients...

..Additional unknown risk factors are likely to be responsible for the high rates of kidney cancer in this region...

..CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that smoking of cigars and pipe is carcinogenic to the urinary bladder, although the potency might be lower than for cigarettes...

..Our study therefore suggests that the CYP1A1 Ile(462)Val variant allele might play a role in lung carcinogenesis among non-smokers, possibly in combination with the GSTM1 null genotype...

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..The Indian subcontinent has among the highest rates of hypopharyngeal cancer worldwide. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between the Indian diet and hypopharyngeal cancer...

..49; 95% CI: 1.08-5.77; P-interaction = 0.05). These data provide additional evidence for the role of cruciferous vegetables in cancer prevention among individuals with common, functional genetic polymorphisms...

..Similarly, the XRCC1 codon 399 polymorphism also had a protective effect on bladder cancer among heavy smokers. The XPD polymorphism was not, however, associated with bladder cancer risk...

..04 for all). In summary, these findings suggest that common variation in MTHFR and TYMS genes may be associated with RCC risk, particularly when vegetable intake is low...

..Lung cancer incidence in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) is among the highest in the world, and the role of occupational exposures has not been adequately studied in these countries...

..Although as much as 74% of the Indian population relies on solid fuels for cooking, very little information is available on cancer risk associated with these fuels in India...

..Jobs entailing exposure to suspected lung carcinogens should receive priority in future studies among women. Nonferrous metal dust and fumes and silica may exert a carcinogenic effect independently from smoking...

..Our results support the hypothesis that there is a role for dietary intervention to improve survival of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer patients...

..45, 95% CI: -0.03, 0.93). These results indicate that, among populations studied to date, GSTM1 null status is associated with a modest increase in the risk of bladder cancer...

..Occupational exposure to meat does not appear to represent an important risk factor of lymphoma, although an increased risk of specific types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma cannot be excluded...

..To perform a quantitative estimate of the proportion of cancers attributable to occupational exposures in France in 2000...

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..CONCLUSIONS: This study provides no evidence of a carcinogenic effect on the lung of rock and slag wool under exposure circumstances in the production industry during the last four to five decades...

..The increased risk associated with dairy products, preserved vegetables, and red meat provides clues to the high rates of kidney cancer in this population...

..9% (42.9-83.1%) for esophageal cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Polymorphisms in the ADH1B and ALDH2 genes are associated with upper aerodigestive tract cancer in Central European populations and interact substantially with alcohol consumption...

..A synergistic interaction between tobacco and alcohol was observed for the risk of esophageal SCC, highlighting the importance of both factors for esophageal cancers in Central and Eastern Europe...

..0002 and 0.065, respectively). Both gene effects were independent of each other, implying that multiple ADH genes may be involved in upper aerodigestive cancer etiology...

..The results are limited by the use of job and industry titles as proxies for occupational exposures...

..Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess whether these associations were robust to assumptions in the exposure assessment for which support could not be obtained due to lack of either measurements or direct observations...

..The authors identified a more consistent association with exposure to live animals...

..These results are consistent with those for active smoking and suggest that elimination of involuntary smoking exposure might reduce head and neck cancer risk among never smokers...

..To clarify the role of DNA repair genes in lung cancer susceptibility, we conducted a pooled analysis of genetic variants in DNA repair pathways, whose associations have been investigated by at least 3 individual studies...

..This finding and the decline in risk after smoking cessation suggest that smoking has a late-stage effect on pancreatic carcinogenesis...

..In two large case-control studies, our findings further define a functional region of interest at the APOE locus that increases RCC susceptibility...

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..This study comprehensively evaluated genetic variation across eight vitamin D pathway genes in relation to RCC risk. We found increased risk associated with VDR and RXRA. Replication studies are warranted to confirm these findings...

..Given the presence of heterogeneity in study-specific results, their findings should be interpreted with caution...

..07 [1.01-1.14] for 1 standard deviation increase in IGF-I). Overall, data from our present study and previous prospective studies combined indicate a relatively modest association of colorectal cancer risk with serum IGF-I...

..Together, this study identifies aberrant DNA methylation patterns in lung cancer and thus exemplifies the mechanism by which environmental factors may interact with key genes involved in tumor suppression and contribute to lung cancer...

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..The high SIR found for liver cancer may be explained by misclassification bias. Common etiological factors may be involved in ocular and prostate cancers...